rfi 
i 


m 


UC-NRLF 


/ 


$B    566    270 


y 


SECOND 


American  Conference 


ON 


International  Arbitrattgn 
Washington,  D.  C. 


1904 


•     "  e  •    « 


hJr^ 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


JANUARY  12,  1904. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

Gibson  Bros.,  Printers  and  Bookbinders 

1904 


/^ 


THE  SECOND 


AMEKICAN   CONFERENCE 


ON 


INTERNATIONAL   ARBITRATION 


HELD  IN 


f90H 


r<^ 


TABLE   OP  CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

Introduction, 7 

National  Arbitration  Committee, 9 

Executive  Committee, 9 

Circular  Letter  Addressed  to  those  Invited  to  Attend 

THE  Conference, 10 

Resolutions  Passed  by  the  Conference, 12 

Members  in  Attendance, 13 

Second  National   Arbitration  Conference.     First  Meet- 
ing, January  12,  10  A.  M. 

Remarks  of  H.  B.  F.  Macfarland, 19 

Remarks  of  John  W,  Foster,  President,    .         .         .         .         .         .         .  20 

Remarks  of  George  L.  Rives,    .........  22 

Appointment  of  Committee  on  Resolutions,     ......  i;5 

,     Remarks  of  David  Starr  Jordan, 20 

Letters  from  the  Mayors  of  New  York  and  Chicago,         .         .         .         .28  21) 

Remarks  of  Frederick  W.  Seward, 29 

Remarks  of  Stuyvesant  Fish,    .........  31 

t-d!^etter  of  John  Mitchell, 32 

„^emarks  of  Samuel  Gompers,           ........  33 

Remarks  of  Samuel  Barclay,     .........  35 

Remarks  of  Jeremiah  Keck, 38 

Remarks  of  W.  L.  Prather,       .........  31) 

(^Resolutions  of  the  Philadelphia  Board  of  Trade,  t/\         ....  41 

Remarks  of  Richard  Bartholdt,          ........  41 

-•Resolutions  of  the  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce,^/-       ....  43 

Letter  from  the  Governor  of  New  York,  .......  44 

Letter  from  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts, 44 

Letter  from  the  Governor  of  California, 45 

Remarks  of  W.  T.  Durbin, 45 

Remarks  of  A.  B.  Farquhar,      .         . 47 

Remarks  of  George  F.  Seward, 52 

Remarks  of  Thomas  J,  O'Brien, 54 

Remarks  of  Blanchard  Randall, 55 

Remarks  of  Henry  E.  Cobb,      .........  56 

Remarks  of  Lynde  Harrison, 56 

^Remarks  of  Jackson  H.  Ralston, 58 

Remarks  of  Horace  White, 60 

Remarks  of  Merrill  E.  Gates, 61 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


^^emarks  of  George  Gray,  and  Report  of  the  Committee  ou  Resolutions,         63 

^Resolutions, 64 

(further  Remarks  of  George  Gray,    .         . 

Remarks  of  Francis  L.  Stetson,         ........ 

t-^ Remarks  of  William  J.  Coombs,  with  Resolution  Offered  and  Adopted, 

Appointment  of  Committee  to  Present  the  Resolutions  to  the    Senate 

Committee  on  Foreign  Relations,  ....... 

Appointment  of  Committee  to  Wait  Upon  the  President  of  the  United 

States,    

Adjournment, 


64 

67 
69-70 

70 

71 
71 


Second  National  Arbitration  Conference. 
iNG,  January  12,  4.15  P.  M. 


Second  Meet 


j/iTetter  from  ex-President  Cleveland, 

Address  by  Cardinal  Gibbons,  .... 

Address  by  General  Nelson  A.  Miles, 
^-'Address  by  The  Reverend  Edward  Everett  Hale,     . 

Address  by  The  Reverend  Doctor  Joseph  Silverman, 

Address  by  Hon.  J.  M.  Dickinson,    .... 
.Address  by  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,     .... 

Conclusion  of  Exercises,   ...... 


75 

•i6 
79 
81 
84 
87 
91 
93 


Endorsements  of  REsbLUTioNs  of  Conference. 

Resolutions  Passed  by  the  National  Board  of  Trade, 
Resolutions  of  the  Commercial  Club  of  Chicago, 
Resolutions  Passed  by  the  New  York  State  Bar  Association,   . 
Resolutions  Passed  by  the  New  Haven  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
Resolutions  Passed  by  the  New  Haven  Arbitration  Committee, 
Resolution  of  Gloucester,  Mass.,  Board  of  Trade,    . 


97 
97 
99 
99 
100 
100 


Letters  and  Opinions  from  Those  Unable  to  Attend  the 
Conference, lo.^ 

Appendix. 

The  Hague  Conference : 

The  Czar's  Rescript, 135 

Sketch  of  the  Conference,           ........  137 

The  Arbitration  Convention,      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .138 

Message  of  President  Cleveland   Transmitting   the   Olney-Pauneefote 

Treaty, UO 

The  Treaty  of  Arbitration  Between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 

(1897), 151 

The  Anglo-French  Treaty  of  Arbitration  of  1903, 158 

Notice  of  the  French-Italian  Treaty  of  Arbitration^         ....  159 


THE  vip:ws  of  presidents  of  the  united 

STATES. 


HARRISON. 


President  HarrisoD,  in  transmitting  to  Congress,  September  3, 
1890,  the  arbitration  treaties  of  the  American  Conference,  said  :  \X 

"  The  ratification  of  the  treaties  contemplated  by  these  reports  will 
constitute  one  of  the  happiest  and  most  hopeful  incidents  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Western  Hemisphere." 

CLEVELAND. 

President  Cleveland,  in  transmitting  the  arbitration  treaty  of 
1897  to  the  Senate,  said  : 

"  Its  success  ought  not  to  be  doubtful,  and  the  fact  that  its  ultimate 
ensuing  benefits  are  not  likely  to  be  limited  to  the  two  countries  im- 
mediately concerned  should  cause  it  to  be  promoted  all  the  more 
eagerly."  ^ 

MoKINLEY. 

In  his  inaugural  address,  President  McKinley  referred  to  the 
treaty  of  1897  as  follows  : 

"  The  importance  and  moral  influence  of  the  ratification  of  such  a 
treaty  can  hardly  be  overestimated  in  the  cause  of  advancing  civili 
zation.  It  may  well  engage  the  best  thought  of  the  statesmen  and 
people  of  every  country,  and  I  cannot  but  consider  it  fortunate  that 
it  was  reserved  to  the  United  States  to  have  the  leadership  in  so  grand 
a  work." 

ROOSEVELT. 

In  his  annual  message  of  1903,  President  Roosevelt  made  the 
following  reference  to  the  resort  of  the  nations  to  The  Hague 
Tribunal  on  the  Venezuela  question  : 

' '  Such  an  imposing  concourse  of  nations  presenting  their  arguments 
to  and  invoking  the  decision  of  that  high  court  of  international  justice 
and  international  peace  can  hardly  fail  to  secure  a  like  submission  of 
many  future  controversies.  The  nations  now  appearing  there  will 
find  it  far  easier  to  appear  there  a  second  time,  while  no  nation  can 
imagine  its  just  pride  will  be  lessened  by  following  the  example  now 
presented.  This  triumph  of  the  principle  of  international  arbitration 
is  a  subject  of  warm  congratulation,  and  offers  a  happy  augury  for  the 
peace  of  the  world." 


WOKDS   OF  GENERALS  WASHINGTON,  GRANT 
AND  SHERIDAN. 


WASHINGTON. 
In  his  Farewell  Address,  Washington  said  : 

"  Observe  good  faith  and  justice  toward  all  nations ;  cultivate  peace 
and  harmony  with  all.  Religion  and  morality  enjoin  this  conduct ; 
and  can  it  be  that  good  policy  does  not  equally  enjoin  it  ?  It  will  be 
worthy  of  a  free,  enlightened,  and,  at  no  distant  period,  a  great  nation, 
to  give  to  mankind  the  magnanimous  and  too  novel  example  of  a  peo- 
ple always  guided  by  an  exalted  justice  and  benevolence.  Who  can 
doubt  that  in  the  course  of  time  and  things  the  fruits  of  such  a  plan 
would  richly  repay  any  temporary  advantages  which  might  be  lost  by 
steady  adherence  to  it  ?  " 

GRANT. 

^  In  a  letter  to  the  Universal  Peace  Union  of  Philadelphia,  in 

December,  1879,  General  Grant  wrote  : 

"Although  educated  and  brought  up  asasoldier,  and  probably  having 
been  in  as  many  battles  as  anyone,  certainly  as  many  as  most  people 
could  have  been,  yet  there  was  never  a  time  nor  a  day  when  it  was 
not  my  desire  that  some  just  and  fair  way  should  be  established  for 
settling  difficulties,  instead  of  bringing  innocent  persons  into  conflict, 
and  thus  withdrawing  from  productive  labor  able-bodied  men  who, 
in  a  large  majority  of  cases,  have  no  particular  interest  in  the  subject 
for  which  they  are  contending.  I  look  forward  to  a  day  when  there 
will  be  a  court  established  that  shall  be  recognized  by  all  nations, 
which  will  take  into  consideration  all  differences  between  nations  and 
settle  by  arbitration  or  decision  of  such  court  these  questions." 

SHERIDAN. 

In  a  speech  made  at  the  centennial  banquet  in   Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  on  September  17,  1887,  General  Sheridan  said  : 

"  There  is  one  thing  that  you  should  appreciate,  and  that  is  the  im- 
provement in  guns  and  in  the  material  of  war,  in  dynamite  and  other 
explosives,  and  in  breech-loading  guns,  is  rapidly  bringing  us  to  a 
period  when  war  will  eliminate  itself,  when  we  can  no  longer  stand  up 
and  fight  each  other  in  battle,  and  when  we  will  have  to  resort  to  some- 
thing else. 

"  Now  what  will  that  something  else  be  ?  It  will  be  arbitration.  I 
mean  what  I  say  when  I  express  the  belief  that  if  any  one  now  present 
here  could  live  until  the  next  centennial  he  would  find  that  arbitration 
ruled  the  world." 


INTRODUCTION. 


On  April  22d  and  23d,  1896,  a  Conference  on  International 
Arbitration  was  held  in  the  city  of  AVashington.  The  object  of 
this  Conference  was  to  promote  the  establishment  of  a  perma- 
nent system  of  arbitration  between  the  Uuited  States  and  Great 
Britain.  A  full  report  of  these  meetings  was  published  under 
the  title — "  The  American  Conference  on  International  Arbi- 
tration, HELD  IN  A¥ashington,  D.  C,  April  22d  and  23d,  1896."* 

The  Ilesolutions  adopted  by  this  Conference,  composed  of 
nearly  three  hundred  prominent  men  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States,  were  presented  to  President  Cleveland  and  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  State,  Mr.  Olney,  by  whom  they  were  received  in  a  spirit 
of  hearty  approval  and  sympathy. 

Following  this  action  taken  by  the  Conference,  a  treaty  was 
signed  January,  1897,  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  calling  for  a  permanent  and  obligatory  system  of  arbi- 
tration between  those  two  nations. 

The  National  Arbitration  Committee,  which,  as  a  permanent 
body,  had  been  appointed  at  the  Conference,  thereupon  sent  out 
the  following  inquiry  :  "  May  we  quote  you  as  standing  with 
ourselves  in  favor  of  the  ratification  of  the  arbitration  treaty 
without  amendment  ?  "  The  list  of  men  to  whom  this  inquiry 
was  sent  was  prepared  without  reference  to  their  supposed  views 
on  the  subject  of  arbitration,  but  because  they  were  believed  to 
be  among  the  most  intelligent  and  influential  in  their  respective 
States.  Out  of  one  thousand  and  two  replies,  ninety-three  per 
cent,  expressed  their  preference  for  the  treaty  unamended,  and 
of  the  remaining  seven  per  cent.,  only  twelve  expressed  them- 
selves as  opposed  to  arbitration,  or  1.18  per  cent,  of  the  entire 
number.  These  opinions  were  embodied  in  a  Memorial  laid  be- 
fore the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  The  treaty  failed  of  ratifi- 
cation in  the  Senate,  the  majority  falling  short  by  four  votes  of 
the  requisite  two-thirds. 

*Baker  and  Taylor  Co.,  E.  16th  St.,  New  York. 


.->»  i 


8 


INTRODUCTION. 


No  further  definite  action  was  taken  by  the  National  Commit- 
tee until  November  19,  1903.  Upon  that  date  a  meeting  of  its 
Executive  Committee  was  held  in  New  York  when  it  was  decided 
to  call  together  the  National  Committee  to  a  meeting  to  be  held 
in  Washington  on  the  January  twelfth  following.  It  was  further 
decided  to  issue  invitations  to  prominent  citizens  throughout  the 
country  to  join  in  this  proposed  meeting.  A  circular  was  accord- 
ingly mailed  to  those  whose  attendance  was  requested,  with  an 
accompanying  letter  signed  by  the  Chairman  and  Secretary  of 
the  Executive  Committee. 

The  first  meeting  was  held  at  10  o'clock  A.  M.,  January 
12th,  at  the  New  Willard  Hotel,  and  the  second  meeting  in  the 
afternoon  of  the  same  day,  at  the  Lafayette  Theatre.  These  two 
meetings,  therefore,  constitute  the  second  session  of  the  Amer- 
ican Conference  on  International  Arbitration. 


Among  the  members  of  the  National  Committee  deceased  since 
the  first  Conference  were  William  E.  Dodge,  of  New  York,  Chair- 
man, and  Gardiner  G.  Hubbard,  Chairman  of  the  Washington 
Committee,  the  two  citizens  of  the  United  States  most  prominent 
in  the  advocacy  of  international  arbitration.  "  They  rest  from 
their  labors,  and  their  works  do  follow  them." 


NATIONAL  ARBITRATION  COMMITTEE,    189(;. 

*IIoD.  William  E.  Dodge,  Chairman. 
Prof.  John  B.  Moore,  LL.  D.,  Secretary, 

Columbia  University,  New  York  City. 

^Hon.  Henry  Hitchcock,  Missouri. 

Horace  Davis,  Esq.,  California. 

Hon.  Carl  Schurz,  New  York. 

Hon.  John   W.  Foster,  Washington,  D.  C. 
-"  '      Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles,  Washington,  D.  C. 

W.  A.  Fuller,  Esq.,  Illinois. 

Dr.  L.  T.  Chamberlain,  New  York. 

John  H.  Converse,  Esq.,  Pennsylvania. 

Hon.  Simeon  E.  Baldwin,  Connecticut. 
^Dr.  William  C.  Gray,  Illinois. 

Hon.  Lyman  J.  Gage,  Illinois. 

Provost  Charles  C.  Harrison,  LL.  D.,  Pennsylvania. 
^Hon.  William  E.  Dodge,  New  York. 

Hon.  Charles  E.  Fenner,  Louisiana. 

Hon.  William  H.  Taft,  Ohio. 

Herbert  Welsh,  Esq.,  Pennsylvania. 
*Hon.  George  A.  Pillsbary,  Minnesota. 

Hon.  Moorefield  Storey,  Massachusetts. 
*Hon.  D.  M.  Key,  Tennessee. 

George  L.  Rives,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Pres.  Charles  W.  Eliot,  LL.  D.,  Massachusetts. 
*Hon.  Gardiner  G.  Hubbard,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Prof.  John  B.  Moore,  New  York. 
^Chancellor  A.  T.  McGill,  New  Jersey. 

H.  Fleming  DuBignou,  Esq.,  Georgia. 

Hon.  Alexander  P.  Humphrey,  Kentucky. 

Edward  Atkinson,  Esq.,  Massachusetts. 
^^     Hon.  Josiah  Crosby,  Maine. 

Hon.  Oscar  R.  Hundley,  Alabama. 


Executive  Committee,  1904. 
John  W.  Foster,  Washington. 
L.  T.  Chamberlain,  New  York. 
Carl  Schurz,  New  York. 
George  L.  Rives,  New  York. 
John  B.  Moore,  Columbia  University. 
Simeon  E.  Baldwin,  Connecticut. 
James  B.  Angell,  Michigan  University. 
John  Crosby  Brown,  New  York. 
Thomas  Nelson  Page,  Washington,  Secretary. 

*  Deceased. 


CIRCULAK    ADDRESSED    TO    THOSE    INVITED 
TO  ATTEND  THE  CONFERENCE. 


Washington,  D.  C,  Decemher  4, 1903. 
As  the  result  of  the  large  and  representative  Conference  of  the 
friends  of  International  Arbitration  held  in  Washington  in  1896, 
a  treaty  for  the  adjustment  of  all  questions  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  not  susceptible  of  diplomatic  settle- 
ment, was  signed  in  January,  1897,  by  Secretary  Olney  and  Sir 
Julian  Pauncefote.  That  treaty  failed  of  ratification  by  the  Sen- 
ate of  the  United  States  by  a  close  vote. 

Since  that  event  two  questions  have   been  disposed  of  which 
had    a   material  influence  upon  the  action   of   the    Senate — the 
Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  and  the  Alaskan  Boundary.     Another  im- 
portant event  has  occurred  which  has  greatly  strengthened   the 
\  cause  of  International  Arbitration — the  Peace  Congress    of  the 
\iations  of  the  world  of  1899  and  the  creation  by  it  of  the  perma- 
nent tribunal  of  arbitration  at  The  Hague.      In   view   of  these 
facts  and  of  the  recent  successful  achievements  of  International 
Arbitration,  there   is   a   wide-spread    sentiment    throughout  our 
country  that  a  renewed  effort  should  be  made  to  secure  the  adop- 
/^tion  of  a  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  by 
1    which  these  two  nations  would  agree  to  resort  to  The  Hague  Tri- 
\  bunal  in  a  certain  class  of  cases  under  specified  conditions. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Wash- 
ington Conference  of  1896,  held  in  New  York  City,  it  was  decided 
to  call  a  meeting  of  the  National  Committee  of  that  Conference 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  at  10  o'clock  A.  M.,  on  Tuesday,  January 
12,  1904,  to  take  this  subject  into  consideration.  The  names  of 
the  National  Committee  will  be  found  at  the  head  of  this  circular. 
In  addition  thereto  the  Executive  Committee  have  decided  to  in- 
vite to  the  meeting  on  January  12,  1904,  a  number  of  other  prom- 
inent citizens  from  different  parts  of  the  country,  to  act  as  ad- 
visory members,  and  thereby  have  an  increased  representation  of 
the  popular  sentiment  of  the  nation  on  this  important  subject. 


CIRCULAR.  11 

The  Executive  Committee  respectfully  urge  the  friends  of  In- 
ternatioual  Arbitration  throughout  the  United  States  to  exert 
themselves  to  secure  the  attendance  of  influential  and  represen- 
tative citizens  at  the  Washington  Conference. 

John  W.  Foster, 
Carl  Schurz, 
L.  T.  Chamberlain, 
George  L.  Kives, 
John  B.  Moore, 
James  B.  Angell, 
John  Crosby  Brown, 

Executive  Committee. 


RESOLUTIONS; ADOPTED  BY  THE  ARBITRATION 

CONFERENCE  AT  WASHINGTON, 

JANUARY  12,  1904. 


,vVV 


Whereas  by  a  concurrent  resolution  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  adopted  in  1890,  the  President  was  requested  to 
invite  negotiations  with  other  governments  to  the  end  that  any 
differences  which  could  not  be  adjusted  by  diplomacy  might  be 
referred  to  arbitration  and  peaceably  adjusted  by  such  means, 
and  the  British  House  of  Commons  in  1893  adopted  a  resolu- 
tion expressing  cordial  sympathy  with  this  purpose,  as  well  as 
the  hope  that  the  British  government  would  lend  its  ready  co- 
operation to  the  government  of  the  United  States  to  the  end  that 
the  resolution  of  Congress  might  be  made  effective ;  and 

Whereas  since  that  time,  as  the  result  of  an  international  con- 
ference, a  permanent  court  of  arbitration  has  been  established  at 
The  Hague,  to  which  nations  may  voluntarily  resort  for  the 
peaceful  settlement  of  their  differences  ;  and 

Whereas  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Conference  that  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  in  view  of  its  historical  position  and 
of  the  great  results  accomplished  by  means  of  arbitration,  should 
continue  to  further  and  to  support  every  movement  to  establish 
by  peaceful  means  the  reign  of  law  and  justice  among  nations  : 

Resolved,  That  it  is  recommended  to  our  government  to  en- 
deavor to  enter  into  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  to  submit  to 
arbitration  by  the  permanent  court  at  The  Hague,  or,  in  default 
of  such  submission,  by  some  tribunal  specially  constituted  for  the 
case,  all  differences  which  they  may  fail  to  adjust  by  diplomatic 
negotiation  ; 

Resolved,  That  the  two  governments  should  agree  not  to  re- 

/  .lAoi't  i^2  ^oy  case  to  hostile  measures  of  any   description   till   an 

\^     effort  has  been  made  to  settle  any  matter  in  dispute  by   submit- 

Y        ting  the  same  either  to  the  permanent  court  at  The  Hague   or  to 

a  commission  composed  of  an  equal  number  of  persons  from  each 

country,  of  recognized   competence  in  questions  of  international 

law. 

(It  is  further  Resolved,  That  our  government  should  enter  into 
treaties  to  the  same  effect,  as  soon  as  practicable,  with  other 
powers. 


LIST   OF  THOSE    PRESENT   AT   THE   ARBITRA- 
TION CONFERENCE,  JANUARY  12,  1904. 


Joshua  L.  Bailey,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

B.  N.  Baker,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Wm.  P.  Bancroft,  Wilmington,  Del. 

Thomas  Barclay,  London,  England. 
'^  Richard  BarClioldt,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

R.  T.  Barton,  Ireland. 

Chas.  J.  Bell,  Washington,  D.  C. 

John  Biddle,  Washington,  D.  0. 

William  H.  Blymyer,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

W.  J.  Boardman,  Washington,  D.  C. 

George  W.  Breckenridge,  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

W.  H.  Buckler,  Baltimore,  Md. 

John  A.  Butler,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Chas.  Henry  Butler,  Washington,  D.  C. 

John  Cadwalader,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Samuel  B.  Capen,  Boston,  Mass. 
v^ndrew  Carnegie,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Wm.  M.  Carroll,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Thos.  N.  Carter,  Richmond,  Va. 
vArabella  Carter,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

L.  T.  Chamberlain,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

George  W.  Clinton,  Charlotte,  N.  C. 

Henry  E.  Cobb,  Newton,  Mass. 

William  J.  Coombs,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

W^  V.  Cox,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Joseph  G.  Darlington,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Horace  Davis,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Frederico  Degetau,  Porto  Rico. 

J.  M.  Dickinson,  Chicago,  HI. 

Wintield  T.  Durbin,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

John  Joy  Edson,  Washington,  D.  C. 

A.  B.  Farquhar,  York,  Pa. 

Stuyvesant  Fish,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


14  MEMBERS    IN    A'lTENUANCE. 

J.  T.  Flynn,  Seattle,  Wash. 
Jos.  R.  Foard,  Baltimore,  Md. 
John  Foord,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
John  W.  Foster,  Washington,  D.  C. 
^  Yolney  W.  Foster,  Chicago,  111. 
John  Fox,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Robert  Samuel  Freidmau,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Edward  M.  Gallaudet,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Philip  C.  Garrett,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Robert  Garrett,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Merrill  E.  Gates,  Washington,  D.  C. 
James,  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Baltimore,  Md. 
John  I.  Gilbert,  Malone,  N.  Y. 
Daniel  C.  Gilman,  Washington,  D.  C. 
v-^dwin  Ginn,  Boston,  Mass. 
v/Samuel  Gompers,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
John  Gordon,  Washington,  D.  C. 
John  F.  Goucher,  Baltimore,  Md. 
George  Gray,  Wilmington,  Del. 

A.  W.  Greely,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Samuel  H.  Greene,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Frank  W.  Hackett,  Washington,  D.  C. 

y  Edward  E.  Hale,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Teanis  S.  Hamlin,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Addison  C.  Harris,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Edward  F.  Harris,  Galveston,  Texas. 

Lynde  Harrison,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Wm.  S.  Harvey,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

J.  B.  Henderson,  Washington,  D.  C. 

A-  Foster  Higgins,  New  Y^ork,  N.  Y. 
^Hamilton  Holt,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Archibald  Hopkins,  Washington,  D.  C. 

James  H.  Hopkins,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Osborne  Howes,  Boston,  Mass. 
A*  David  Hutzler,  Baltimore,  Md. 
^        Michael  Jenkins,  Baltimore,  Md. 

B.  F.  Johnson,  Washington,  D.  C. 
W.  Martin  Jones,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Chas.  H.  Jones,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


MEMBERS    IN    ATrENDANCE.  15 

VDavid  Starr  Jordan,  Stanford  University,  California. 

Jeremiah  Keck,  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 

Wm.  Keyser,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Mahlon  N".  Kline,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

S.  P.  Laugley,  Washington,  D.  C. 
vJtobert  Lansing,  Watertown,  N.  Y. 

John  B.  Larner,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Ferdinand  C.  Latrobe,  Baltimore,  Md. 

David  H.  Lawrence,  Two  Harbors,  Minn. 

Francis  E.  Leupp,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Eugene  Levering,  Baltimore,  Md. 

W.  H.  Love,  Baltimore,  Md.        » 

A.  Maurice  Low,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

David  Mitchell  MacCracken,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Henry  B.  F.  Macfarland,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Wayne  MacVeagh,  Pennsylvania. 

Jos.  K.  McCammon,  Washington,  D.  C. 

William  O.  McDowell,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Jerome  F.  Manning,  Lowell,  Mass. 
-^^heodore  Marbuwy,  Baltimore,  Md. 

P.  H.  Mayo,  Kichmond,  Va. 

Nelson  A.  Miles,  Washington,  D.  C. 

C.  K.  Miller,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Chas.  W.  Needham,  Washington,  D.  C. 

T.  J.  O'Brien,  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan. 

Thos.  Nelson  Page,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Robert  Treat  Paine,  Boston,  Mass. 

Stanton  J.  Peelle,  Washington,  D.  C. 

W.  P.  Potter,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Fred.  Perry  Powers,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Wm.  L.  Prather,  Austin,  Texas. 
^  Jackson  H.  Ealston,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Blanchard  Randall,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Thomas  D.  Ranson,  Staunton,  Va. 

George  L.  Rives,  New  York. 

Edward  Rosewater,  Omaha,  Neb.  .1 

Wm.  Jay  SchiefFelin,  New  York,  N.  Y.     ^^"^ 

Harold  M.  Sewall,  Bath,  Me. 

Frederick  W.  Seward,  Montrose-on-Hudson. 


16  MEMBERS    IN    ATTENDANCE. 

Geo.  F.  Seward,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Joseph  Silverman,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Alexander  Mackay-Smitli,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

H.  S.  Smith,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Samuel  Spencer,  Washington,  D.  C. 

1).  J.  Stafford,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Louis  Stern,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Geo.  M.  Sternberg,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Francis  Lynde  Stetson,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Kobert  Stiles,  Richmond,  Ya. 

Oscar  S.  Straus,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Joseph  Swain,  Swarthmore,  Pa. 

Hannis  Taylor,  Washington,  D.  C, 

Samuel  R.  Thayer,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Lambert  Tree,  Chicago,  111. 
'v^enjamin  F.  Trueblood,  Boston,  Mass. 

George  Truesdell,  Washington,  D.  C. 

H.  St.  George  Tucker,  Lexington,  Va. 

Wm.  R.  Tucker,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

R.  S.  Turk,  Staunton,  Va. 

W.  K.  Van  Reypen,  Washington,  I).  C. 

Richard  M.  Venable,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Frederick  E.  Wadhams,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Chas.  I).  Walcott,  Washington,  D.  C. 

J.  P.  Walker,  Washington,  D.  0. 

George  Gray  Ward,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Ethelbert  D.  Warfield,  Easton,  Pa. 

Fiske  Warren,  Boston,  Mass. 

Henry  L.  West,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Chas.  S.  Wheeler,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Everett  P.  Wheeler,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Horace  White,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

John  M.  Wilson,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Nathaniel  Wilson,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Simon  Wolf,  Washington,  D.  C. 
V  Clinton  Rogers  Woodruff,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


International  Arbitration  Conference 


MORNING  SESSION 

AT  THE  NEW  WILLARD  HOTEL 
January  12,  1904 


INTERNATIONAL   ARBITRATION  CONFERENCE. 


Proceedings  of  a  meeting  held  at  the  New  Willard  Hotel, 
Washington,  D.  C,  January  12,  1904,  10  o'clock  A.  M. 

Dr.  L.  C.  Chamberlain,  of  New  York,  Vice-Chairman  of  the 
National  Committee  appointed  at  the  Conference  of  1896,  called 
tlie  meeting  to  order  and  said  :  Gentlemen  will  come  to  order. 
By  reason  of  the  greatly  lamented  death  of  Mr.  William  E.  Dodge, 
of  New  York,  Chairman  of  the  National  Arbitration  Committee 
appointed  by  the  Conference  of  1896,  it  falls  to  me  as  the  Vice- 
Chairman  of  that  committee  to  call  this  meeting  to  order.  I 
have  the  pleasure  of  nominating  and  I  do  nominate  the  Honorable 
John  W.  Foster,  of  the  city  of  Washington,  as  President  of  this 
Conference.     (Applause.) 

Tlie  question  being  taken  on  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Foster,  he 
was  unanimously  elected  President,  and  took  the  Chair. 

President  John  W.  Foster.  I  am  informed  that  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  has  some  further  report  to  make. 

Dr.  Chamberlain.  Mr.  President,  I  desire  to  nominate  as  Sec- 
retaries of  tliis  Conference  John  Bassett  Moore,  of  New  York,  and 
Thomas  Nelson  Page,  of  Washington.  I  am  told  that  Professor 
Moore  is  not  present,  and  therefore  I  will  add  the  name  of  Clin- 
ton Rogers  Woodruff,  of  Philadelphia. 

The  nominations  were  unanimously  agreed  to. 

The  President.  The  city  government  of  Washington  is  pres- 
ent and  represented  by  all  of  its  Commissioners.  The  President 
of  the  Board  desires,  and  we  of  the  local  committee  of  Washing- 
ton have  asked  him,  to  say  a  word,  to  assure  you  that  you  have  a 
welcome  here.  (Applause.)  I  take  pleasure  in  presenting  Mr. 
Macfarland,  President  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

Commissioner  H.  B.  F.  Macfarland.  We  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  are  very  sensible  of  the  honor  of  having  within  our 
gates  such  a  body  of  eminent  men  on  such  a  noble  mission.  It 
is  fitting  that  representatives  of  all  sections  of  our  country  inter- 
ested in  promoting  international  arbitration,  and  particularly  in 


20  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERKNCK. 

securing  a  treaty  for  its  direct  application  to  controversies  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  should  assemble  in 
our  I^ational  Capital,  not  only  the  seat  of  government,  but  the 
official  residence  of  the  representatives  of  foreign  governments 
and  the  place  where  our  treaties  are  made  and  ratified.  In  the 
fullness  of  time  the  hour  seems  to  have  come  for  the  fulfillment 
of  our  hopes  that  the  two  great  English-speaking  nations  which 
have  done  more  for  the  cause  of  international  arbitration  than 
any  others,  shall  bind  themselves  by  solemn  obligation  to  employ 
that  method  as  far  as  possible  in  the  settlement  of  their  disputes, 
and  with  the  certainty  that  their  example  in  this  respect  will  be 
followed  by  all  other  nations. 

It  is  most  gratifying  to  know  that  you  are  on  the  verge  of  suc- 
cess, now  that  the  dream  of  the  poet  has  become  the  purpose  of 
the  statesman. 

You  need  no  formal  welcome  to  the  National  Capital,  for  every 
one  of  you  has  earned  its  freedom  by  distinguished  public  ser- 
vices. But  we  want  to  say  that  we  are  very  glad  that  you  are 
here,  that  we  trust  your  business  may  be  prosperous  in  every 
possible  way,  and  that  you  will  go  away  feeling  that  it  has  been 
good  for  you  to  be  here. 

President  Foster.  Gentlemen  of  the  Conference,  I  highly  ap- 
preciate the  honor  conferred  on  me  in  being  called  upon  to  pre- 
side over  such  a  distinguished  and  representative  body  of  citizens, 
assembled  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  to  confer  upon  one  of  the 
most  important  subjects  which  concerns  mankind. 

The  time  at  your  command  is  limited,  and  I  must  not  consume 
any  considerable  portion  of  it  in  introductory  remarks.  I  think, 
however,  it  may  be  profitable  to  your  deliberations  if  I  briefly 
refer  to  one  aspect  of  the  main  question  you  have  in  hand. 

The  call  under  which  we  come  together  indicates  as  the  chief 
matter  for  our  consideration  the  basis  for  an  arbitration  treaty 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  which  may  after- 
ward be  extended  to  other  countries.  It  is  often  said,  when  a 
general  treaty  of  arbitration  is  suggested,  that  there  are  some 
subjects  which  a  nation  should  not  arbitrate.  Among  these  are 
mentioned  territorial  questions  and  national  honor.  Let  us  in- 
quire what  has  been  the  character  of  the  questions  between  our- 
selves and  Great  Britain  which  have  been  in  the  ptist  submitted 
to  arbitration. 


PRESIDENT  Foster's  address.  21 

In  the  first  treaty  made  with  that  country  after  our  indepen- 
dence, that  of  1794,  our  government  submitted  to  the  arbitration 
of  a  commission  a  territorial  question  involving  a  large  extent  of 
country,  and  by  a  unanimous  decision  the  claim  of  our  govern- 
ment was  rejected.  By  the  same  treaty  a  similar  reference  of  the 
rights  of  American  seamen  and  commerce  was  made,  involving 
principles  of  international  practice  vital  to  our  prosperity  ;  also 
the  question  whether  our  courts  had  faithfully  carried  out  the 
terms  of  the  treaty  of  independence  as  to  British  loyalists. 

By  the  treaty  of  1814  three  arbitration  commissions  were 
created  to  determine  the  various  controverted  matters  connected 
with  the  Canadian  boundary,  involving  large  areas  of  territory  on 
the  mainland  and  adjacent  islands. 

The  treaty  of  1871  created  an  arbitration  tribunal,  the  most 
important  and  imposing  in  its  personnel  and  in  the  principles  in- 
volved ever  held  between  two  nations.  The  United  States 
charged  that  the  British  government,  by  its  acts  of  omission  and 
commission  during  our  Civil  War,  had  caused  the  flag  of  the 
United  States  to  be  swept  from  the  ocean,  its  foreign  carrying 
commerce  of  great  magnitude  to  be  destroyed,  and  the  war  to  be 
prolonged  at  the  cost  of  tens  of  thousands  of  lives  and  billions  of 
dollars. 

If  the  conduct  of  the  British  government  was  established  to  be 
in  accordance  with  international  law,  the  consequence  would  be 
of  the  gravest  character,  as  not  only  the  honor  and  the  vital  in- 
terests of  the  United  States  were  concerned,  but  even  its  inde- 
pendence, as  the  contest  was  one  in  which  the  dismemberment  of 
the  Union  was  threatened.  And  yet  our  government  entered 
into  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  by  which  atonement  for  these 
acts  was  submitted  to  arbitration. 

I  need  not  enumerate  the  remainder  of  the  score  and  more  of 
arbitration  treaties  we  have  had  with  Great  Britain  on  a  great 
variety  of  subjects,  to  show  that  no  question  can  in  the  future 
arise  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  which  will 
more  seriously  involve  the  territorial  integrity,  the  honor  of  the 
nation,  its  vital  interests,  or  its  independence,  than  those  which 
have  already  been  submitted  to  arbitration  without  serious  injury 
to  our  interests. 

There  never  was  a  time  in  our  history  when  the  two  countries 


22  ITATIONAL    ARBITRATION"    CONFERENCE. 

were  more  closely  united  in  common  aims  and  a  similar  duty  to 
mankind.  Every  high  motive  of  government  and  everj^  v^orthy 
impulse  of  the  kindred  people  calls  for  a  binding  pledge  of  peace 
which  ma}^  be  a  model  with  and  for  other  governments. 

I  congratulate  you  upon  this  auspicious  gathering  of  citizens 
from  all  sections  of  our  common  country,  and  I  feel  sure  that 
your  deliberations  will  be   fruitful  in  their  results.     (Applause.) 

The  Executive  Committee  has  a  still  further  report  to  make. 
It  will  be  presented  by  Hon.  George  L.  Rives,  of  New  York. 

Mr.  Rives.  Mr.  President,  on  behalf  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, I  want  to  submit  a  short  and  what  may  be  called  an  in- 
formal report  of  what  has  been  done  daring  the  past  eight  years 
which  have  elapsed  since  the  Conference  was  held  in  Washington 
in  April,  1896. 

That  Conference,  as  everybody  will  remember,  was  called  for  the 
purpose  of  promoting  the  establishment  of  a  permanent  scheme 
of  arbitration  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  and 
after  two  days'  session  it  adopted  two  resolutions.  The  first 
recommended  to  the  United  States  government  the  negotiation 
at  the  earliest  practicable  date  of  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  to 
provide  for  the  widest  application  of  arbitration  to  international 
controversies.  The  second  resolution  provided  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  permanent  committee  to  continue  the  work  of  the 
Conference. 

The  resolutions  were  presented  to  the  President  and  Secretary 
of  State  immediately  after  the  adjournment  of  Conference,  and 
subsequently  a  permanent  committee  was  appointed  to  keep  the 
officials  of  the  United  States  government  interested  in  the  subject. 

It  is  only  just  to  say  that  that  duty  was  a  very  light  one,  be- 
cause both  President  Cleveland  and  Mr.  Olney,  then  Secretary 
of  State,  were  deeply  imbued  with  the  importance  and  the 
justice  and  the  practicability  of  the  views  advocated  by  that 
Conference. 

The  result  of  these  Conferences  was  that  in  the  latter  part  of 
1897  the  committee  were  informed  that  a  treaty  of  arbitration 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britiau  had  practically 
been  agreed  upon. 

That  treaty,  as  you  will  all  remember,  was  signed  here  in 
Washington  by  Mr.  Olney  and  the  late  Lord  Pauncefote,  then 


RKPORT    BY    MR.    RIVES.  23 

Sir  Julian  Pauncefote,  on  January  11,  1897.  The  committee 
subsequently  used  what  efforts  it  could  to  induce  the  Senate  to 
accept  the  principle  if  not  the  precise  language  of  the  treaty  of 
arbitration.  That  effort  unfortunately  failed  by  a  very  small 
margin,  lacking  a  very  small  vote  in  the  Senate,  because  nearly 
two-thirds  of  the   Senate  were  in  favor  of  the  treaty  as  amended. 

After  that  it  seemed  to  those  who  were  most  active  in  the 
management  of  the  committee,  notably  to  the  late  Mr.  Dodge, 
whose  death  has  been  a  most  serious  loss  to  the  whole  move- 
ment, that  the  times  were  not  very  propitious  for  undertaking 
any  further  active  work  ;  and  from  that  time  until  quite  recently 
the  committee  has  not  been  called  upon  to  take  any  action  at  all. 
In  the  meantime,  of  course,  various  events  have  occurred  which 
have  very  materially  altered  the  situation. 

The  first  of  these  is  the  adoption  of  The  Hague  Convention  for 
international  arbitration,  which  everybody  here  will  remember 
provides  for  the  establishment  of  a  court  and  to  some  extent  for 
the  procedure  before  that  court.  It  does  not  involve  compulsory 
arbitration  by  anybody.  It  simply  provides  the  machinery  for 
submitting  to  arbitration  questions  that  the  various  parties  may 
agree  to  arbitrate. 

The  second  event  in  order  of  time  is  the  settlement  quite 
recently  of  the  disputed  Alaska  boundary  question  by  a  species 
of  arbitration,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain.  The  result  of  that  decision  has  been  to  dis- 
pose of  the  most  irritating  and  most  difficult  and  perhaps  the 
most  important — I  think  probably  the  most  important  question — 
pending  between  ourselves  and  Great  Britain.  It  .seems  to  me 
that  the  removal  of  that  question  from  the  field  of  controversy 
has  done  a  great  deal  to  smooth  the  path  for  a  new  treaty  of  arbi- 
tration. 

The  third  event  to  which  I  alluded  is  the  conclusion  of  a  treaty 
of  arbitration  between  Great  Britain  and  France  by  which  both 
parties  in  substance  agree  to  submit  certain  classes  of  questions, 
which  are  rather  loosely  defined,  but  they  do  agree  to  submit  cer- 
tain classes  of  questions  to  The  Hague  tribunal. 

After  these  events  had  occurred,  a  meeting  of  the  small  execu- 
tive committee  of  the  permanent  committee  appointed  eight  years 
ago  was  held  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  the  month  of  November, 


24  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

and  it  seemed  to  all  those  present  that  the  time  was  now  ripe  for 
again  renewing  the  efforts  made  in  1896,  and  it  was  thought  ad- 
visable to  call  together  the  whole  of  the  permanent  committee, 
the  members  of  which  reside  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 
The  committee  was  not  a  very  large  one.  It  consisted  originally 
of  twenty-seven  members.  Many  of  them  we  have  lost  by  death. 
It  therefore  seemed  wise  on  the  whole  that  instead  of  limiting  the 
meeting  to  be  held  in  Washington  to  members  of  the  permanent 
committee,  we  should  invite  a  number  of  gentlemen  from  other 
parts  of  the  country  to  come  together  with  the  members  of  that 
committee,  with  a  view  to  determining  what  it  was  wise  to  do  in 
the  present  situation  of  affairs.  Accordingly  a  circular  call  was 
issued  on  the  fourth  of  December,  containing  printed  invitations 
to  attend  this  meetings  which  invitations  you  have  all  received, 
and  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  read.  No  attempt  has  been  made 
to  secure  a  meeting  large  in  numbers.  Our  purpose  was  to  seek 
the  attendance  of  a  few  prominent  citizens,  representative  of  the 
various  sections  of  the  country.  In  the  main  persons  not  con- 
nected with  the  executive  or  legislative  departments  of  the  Gov- 
ernment were  invited,  and  the  result  is  the  gathering  we  see  here 
to-day. 

Now  this  program  has  been  suggested  as  the  course  to  be  fol- 
lowed by  this  meeting : 

In  the  first  place  the  appointment  by  the  President  of  a  Com- 
mittee on  Resolutions.  Awaiting  the  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions,  short  speeches  by  those  who  may  be  here.  Then 
the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions ;  the  discussion  and 
adoption  of  the  report,  the  appointment  of  committees  to  lay  the 
resolutions  which  may  be  adopted  by  the  Conference  before  the 
President  of  the  United  States  and  the  Senate  Committee  on 
Foreign  Relations  ;  and  then  action  to  make  the  organization  per- 
manent by  authorizing  the  President  of  the  Conference  to  appoint 
a  committee. 

In  the  afternoon  a  mass  meeting  is  to  be  held  at  the  Lafayette 
Square  Theatre  at  a  quarter  past  four.  It  is  expected  that  ad- 
dresses will  be  made  by  His  Eminence  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Lieu- 
tenant-General  Nelson  A.  Miles,  U.  S.  A.,  retired,  the  Reverend 
Edward  Everett  Hale,  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Silverman,  of  New  York, 
Judge  J.  M.  Dickinson,  of  Illinois,  Andrew  Carnegie,  of  New 
York,  and  others. 


COMMITTEE    ON    RESOLUTIONS.  25 

The  President.  The  Executive  Committee  submits  for  the  guid- 
ance of  the  Conference  the  program  which  has  just  been  read  to 
you.     What  shall  be  done  with  the  report  ? 
The  report  was  adopted. 

The  President.  The  program  as  adopted  requires  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  Committee  on  Resolutions.     After  examining  the  list 
of  those  who  have  accepted  invitations  to  this  meetiug  and  con- 
sulting with  a  number  of  gentlemen  who  are  informed  as  to  the 
composition  of   the  Conference,  I  have  selected   and  suggest  the 
following  names  as  a  Committee  on  Resolutions  : 
Judge  George  Gray,  of  Delaware. 
Hon.  Wayne  MacVeagh,  of  Pennsylvania,  ex-Ambas- 
sador to  the  Court  of  Italy. 
Professor  John  B.  Moore,  of  Columbia  University. 
Hon.  Lambert  Tree,  of  Chicago,  ex-Minister  to  Bel- 
gium. 
Hon.  Addison  C.  Harris,  of  Indianapolis,  ex-Minister 

to  Austria. 
Hon.  Horace  Davis,  of  San  Francisco. 
Hod.  Oscar  S.  Straus,  of  New  York,  late  Minister  to 

Turkey. 
John  Cadwalader,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia. 
Francis  Lynde  Stetson,  Esq.,  of  New  York. 
Thomas  B.  Ransom,  Esq.,  of  Virginia. 
Edward  Rosewater,  Esq.,  of  Omaha. 
Hon.  Samuel  R.  Thayer,  of  Minneapolis,  ex-Minister 
to  The  Hague. 
Gentlemen,  these  I  submit  as  the  names  of  the   committee.     I 
believe  under  the  program  I  have  the  authority  to  name   them. 
If  there  are  no  objections  this  committee  will   stand  as  the  Com- 
mittee on  Resolutions. 

A  Delegate.  I  move  that  the  President  be  added  ex  officio. 
The  President.  This  committee  has  to  enter  upon  its  duties 
right  away,  and  the  President,  I  suppose,  will  be  called  on  to  re- 
main in  the  chair,  so  I  do  not  think  it  best  to  press  that  motion. 

The  Delegate.  I  ask  that  the  Secretary  put  the  motion,  so 
that  we  can  have  the  benefit  of  the  advice  of  the  President,  even 
if  he  cannot  attend  the  meeting  of  the  committee. 

The  Secretary  (Mr.  Thomas  Nelson  Page)  put  the  motion, 
saying : 


26  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

(TentlemeD,  it  seems  eminentl}^  fitting  that  the  President  of  this 
meeting  should  be  on  that  committee.  We  might  be  able  to  put 
someone  in  his  place  here  for  a  while  to  perform  the  easy  task 
of  keeping  this  audience  in  order.  Therefore,  I  put  the  motion 
that  the  President  of  this  meeting  be  added  to  that  committee  as 
an  ex  officio  member. 

The  motion  was  unanimously  agreed  to. 

The  Committee  on  Resolutions  having  retired,  the  President 
said  :  The  program  of  exercises  provides  that  during  the  absence 
of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  brief  speeches  shall  be  made 
by  various  members  of  the  Conference.  I  first  have  the  honor  of 
introducing  Dr.  David  Starr  Jordan,  President  of  Stanford  Uni- 
versity, California. 

Dr.  Jordan.  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen  of  the  Convention,  it 
is  a  little  hard  for  one  who  is  not  a  lawyer  to  be  the  first  speaker, 
and  to. strike  out  into  the  dark,  speaking  to  a  body  of  men  each 
one  of  whom  knows  a  good  deal  more  about  the  subject  than  the 
speaker  himself. 

I  am  not  going  to  take  the  text  indicated  to  me,  but  with  your 
permission  I  will  spend  a  few  minutes  on  some  points  concerning 
arbitration,  assuming  that  we  are  all  in  favor  of  it— assuming  that 
we  all  believe  in  arbitration  instead  of  war.  These  points  have 
r  /Come  to  be  in  connection  with  my  personal  work  in  making  the 
awards  concerning  the  fur  seals  and  the  people  of  Samoa. 

In  the  first  place  it  seems  to  me  that  arbitration  and  adjust- 
ment are  two  different  things ;  that  arbitration  has  to  deal  with 
international  law,  with  equity  among  nations.  Adjustment  is  fix- 
ing up  things  so  that  we  can  get  along,  and  that  is  best  done  gen- 
erally by  splitting  the  difference,  regardless  of  absolute  justice. 
But  equity  is  not  reached  by  splitting  the  difference.  It  seems 
to  me  that  in  many  of  our  arbitration  tribunals  an  effort  has  been 
made  to  settle  things  without  war  by  giving  each  side  some  part 
of  what  it  claims,  without  regard  to  whether  that  side  is  entitled 
to  any  part  of  what  it  claims.  In  this  last  discussion  with  Can- 
ada and  Great  Britain  the  Canadian  cause  rested  solely  on  the 
hope  of  some  adjustment  by  splitting  the  difference.  I  hardly 
think  that  anyone  would  claim — that  is,  any  unprejudiced  person 
— that  any  absolute  right  was  inherent  in  the  Canadian  claim. 
Splitting  the  difference  is  something  else.     Now  it  seems   to  me 


REMARKS    BY    DR.    JORDAN.     ,  27 

these  two  matters  ought  to  be  kept  very  well  separated,  and  that 
the  arbitration  tribunals  ought  to  be  able  to  separate  them. 

I  felt  very  much  encouraged  personally  by  the  result  of  the 
late  arbitration  concerning  our  attack  in  connection  with  the 
British  on  the  town  of  Apia,  in  Samoa.  It  was  an  unprovoked 
use  of  arms  in  connection  with  local  politics,  and  the  tribunal  of 
arbitration  decided  that  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States 
had  to  pay  for  all  the  damages  sustained;  that  there  should  be  no 
splitting  of  differences.  That,  as  I  say,  is  a  very  encouraging 
thing. 

It  has  seemed  to  me  that  in  the  causes  brought  before  arbitra- 
tion tribunals  there  ought  to  be  a  joint  high  commission  to 
ascertain  the  facts.  In  some  of  these  arbitration  cases  the 
tribunal  itself  has  had  to  ascertain  the  facts  at  issue  the  same  as 
a  court  would  have  to  do.  Those  facts  can  better  be  ascertained 
by  a  joint  high  commission.  C^uch  commissions  can  agree  abso- 
lutely on  the  facts,  so  that  the  question  at  issue  will  be  one  of 
equity  alone.^  Tlmy  can  be  more  easily  ascertained  by  a  joint 
high  commission.^ The  joint  commission  can  agree  absolutely 
on  the  facts,  so  that  the  question  at  issue  will  be  one  of  equity 
alone.^  If  the  tribunal  is  not  to  have  the  facts  furnished  to  it, 
and  tlie  case  made  up  beforehand,  then  it -ought  to  have  every 
appliance  known  to  the  courts  for  ascertaining  the  truth.  It 
ought  to  be  able  to  punish  perjury  and  everything  of  that  kind 
in  the  same  way  in  which  other  courts  punish  false  testimony. 
At  the  Paris  tribunal  concerning  the  fur  seals  most  of  the  testi- 
mony on  one  side  was  false  and  spurious,  paid  for  by  the 
Canadians  in  Victoria  saloons.  Things  of  that  kind  the  tribunal 
ought  to  be  in  a  position  to  punish.  Otherwise  the  highest 
court  in  the  world  is  as  likely  to  be  imposed  upon  as  the  lowest 
courts  are.  It  seems  to  me  also  that  it  is  a  great  mistake  to  put 
advocates  on  the  tribunal.  We  have  had  in  many  cases  at  least 
on  each  side  strong  advocates,  men  whose  opinions  were  known 
beforehand,  who  were  pledged  beforehand  to  win  the  case  for 
that  particular  side.  It  seems  to  me  that  ought  not  to  be.  It 
seems  to  me  that  arbitration  ought  to  provide  for  the  establishment 
of  justice,  and  that  it  ought  to  have  every  provision  for  its  ascer- 
tainment which  is  known  to  the  lower  courts.  It  seems  to  me 
that  the  highest  tribunal  in  the  world  ought  not  to  be  made  less 


28  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

accurate  in  its  work  than  the  ordinary  tribunals  of  the  States  or 
of  the  United  States  government. 

I  do  not  know  very  much  about  the  general  subject.  I  have 
tried  to  emphasize  some  things.  I  am  thoroughly  in  sympathy 
with  the  cause  at  large.  I  believe  that  adjustment  of  almost  any 
kind  is  better  than  war,  and  adjustment  by  means  of  actual 
equity  and  international  law  is  better  than  adjustment  by  com- 
missions that  split  the  difference.     (Applause.) 

The   President.  We  had  expected  to  have  as  a  speaker  this 

morning  the  Mayor  of  Baltimore,  Hon.  Eobert  M.  McLane,  and 

he  had  made  all  his  arrangements  to  be  present,  but  unexpected 

duties  have   detained    him.     As  a  substitute    for  his   speech,   I 

read  letters  from  the  Mayors  of  New  York  City  and  Chicago,  as 

follows : 

City  of  New  York. 

Office  of  the  Mayor. 

Januai'y  11,  1904. 
Hon.  John  W.  Foster, 

Washington^  D.  C. 
Dear   Sir:  I  deeply  regret  that  the  press  of  public  business 
keeps  me  from  meeting  with  you,  whose  influence  is  cast    for 
humanity  in  the  plan  of  international  arbitration. 

In  this  age,  when  men  and  nations  look  hopefully  to  a  future 
of  universal  peace,  every  endeavor  to  fasten  upon  all  countries 
a  code  for  the  amicable  adjustment  of  international  difference 
must  win  the  esteem  of  all  mankind. 

Among  those  who  are  to  address  you  are  men  of  many  achieve- 
ments for  the  world's  good,  yet  I  doubt  if  any  of  their  works  have 
looked  to  a  nobler  purpose  than  that  which  now  engages  you. 
Respectfully, 

GEORGE  B.  McCLELLAN, 

Mayor. 

Mayor's  Office, 
Chicago,  January  8,  1904. 
Hon.  John  W.  Foster, 

Chairman  National  Arbitration  Conference, 

Washington^  D.  C, 
Dear  Sir  :  Your  communication  of  December  24,  inviting  me 
to  attend  and  take  part  in  the  International  Arbitration  Confer- 


LETTER    OF    MAYOR    HARRISON.  29 

ence,  to  be  held  in  Washington  on  Tuesday,  January  12,  1904, 
has  been  received.  Owing  to  the  terrible  calamity  which  has 
been  visited  upon  our  people  here  in  Chicago,  and  the  demands 
upon  my  time  in  consequence,  it  will  be  impossible  for  me  to  be 
with  you,  much  as  I  would  like  to. 

In  my  opinion  arbitration  should  always  be  resorted  to  between 
civilized  countries  when  differences  arise.  The  world  is  surely 
far  enough  advanced  by  this  time  to  be  willing  to  make  an  appeal 
to  arms  the  last  resort  when  nations  fall  out.  Christianity, 
humanity,  and  all  of  the  higher  motives  of  men  make  it  impera- 
tive that  before  a  war  is  declared  that  every  peaceful  means  of 
settling  matters  in  controversy  should  have  been  employed. 
That  arbitration  is  not  a  mere  word,  but  a  living  principle,  has 
been  proved  over  and  over  again.  The  settlement  of  the  Alaskan 
Boundary  question  is  one  of  the  late  examples  of  the  wisdom  of 
arbitration.  When  nations,  as  well  as  individuals,  are  ready  to 
listen  to  the  dictates  of  reason  and  prudence  before  embarking  in 
war  as  a  means  of  settling  grievances,  the  world  will  have  advanced 
immeasurably  towards  the  higher  civilization. 
Respectfully, 

CAKTEK  H.  HARRISON. 


The  Pkesident.  I  have  letters  also  from  the  Mayor  of  Boston, 
Hon.  Patrick  Collins,  and  a  number  of  others,  but  I  will  not  con- 
sume your  time  in  reading  them  now. 

There  is  a  gentleman  present  who  represents  much  in  diplo- 
macy in  our  foreign  relations  and  in  arbitration  in  the  person  of 
the  son  of  one  of  our  great  Secretaries  of  State.  This  gentleman 
was  his  right  hand  in  all  his  work  during  our  Civil  War  and 
through  the  administrations  of  Presidents  Lincoln  and  Johnson. 
I  call  upon  Hon.  Frederick  W.  Seward,  of  New  York,  to  speak. 
(Applause.) 

Hon.  Frederick  W.  Seward.  I  thank  you  very  heartily  for  this 
cordial  greeting.  It  has  given  me  great  pleasure  to  meet  the 
members  of  the  Conference,  and  I  have  listened  with  interest  and 
satisfaction  to  what  has  been  said  thus  far,  and  heartily  concur 
in  every  suggestion  that  has  been  made. 

We  have  come  together  to-day  not  to  initiate  but  to  take  part 


30  NATIONAL    AKBITKATION    CONFERENCE. 

in  the  world's  progress  toward  international  arbitration,  for  the 
world  does  make  progress.  Progress  in  this  direction  began  in 
the  last  century,  and  it  is  going  on  through  the  century  that  is 
before  us  now.  Every  such  conference  as  this,  even  if  it  has  no 
other  result,  brings  fresh  testimony  to  show  that  the  world  is  get- 
ting tired  of  its  wars.  (Applause.)  It  brings  fresh  testimony  to 
show  that  the  world  is  casting  about  for  means  to  adjust  differ- 
ences without  this  perpetual  recourse  to  arms.  Every  such  con- 
ference, as  Mr.  Hives  has  shown  you  in  his  remarks,  when  it  reas- 
sembles after  an  interval,  finds  much  that  has  been  done  during 
that  interval.  Since  the  predecessor  of  this  Conference  met  in 
1896  The  Hague  tribunal  has  been  established,  and  what  was  con- 
sidered two  or  three  years  ago  a  mere  theory,  a  mere  project,  has 
now  become  an  active  living  force  in  the  affairs  of  the  world,  and 
is  yearly  winning  the  world's  favor.     (Applause.) 

War  and  peace  are  generally  supposed  to  be  two  contradictory 
terms,  but  if  you  listen  to  those  who  are  engaged  in  them  you  will 
find  that  they  both  claim  to  be  pursuing  the  same  end  and  the 
same  object.  That  is,  the  securing  and  the  maintenance  of  jus- 
tice. We  go  to  war  to  remedy  some  real  or  fancied  injustice. 
We  keep  at  peace  when  we  have  no  injustice  to  complain  of.  I 
suppose  some  such  idea  influenced  the  ancients  when  they  de- 
vised that  figure  of  Justice  which  still  surmounts  so  many  of  our 
city  halls  and  capitols,  the  figure  of  the  woman  with  the  sword 
and  the  scales.  She  typifies  the  character  of  the  age  that  gave 
her  birth,  for  if  you  will  notice  she  holds  the  sword  drawn,  ready 
for  use,  in  her  right  hand  and  keeps  the  scales  back  at  her  left. 
In  those  days  men  were  always  ready  to  draw  the  sword  and  tight 
their  quarrels — and  weigh  the  merits  of  them  afterwards.  Now 
it  would  be  highly  improper  to  suggest  modern  improvements  to 
a  classical  statue,  but  if  that  figure  was  made  to  represent  the 
trend  of  modern  thought,  she  would  hold  those  scales  aloft  in  her 
right  hand  ready  for  instant  use,  and  keep  the  sword  sheathed  at 
her  left,  only  to  be  drawn  in  the  direct  emergency.     (Applause.) 

I  believe  that  at  the  time  when  an  arbitration  treaty  with  Great 
Britain  was  first  proposed,  one  of  the  objections  made  to  it  was 
that  it  might  prove  a  hindrance  instead  of  a  help  to  what  we  were 
seeking,  because  it  might  introduce  limitations  and  restrictions  to 
the  power  that  both  governments  already  enjoyed  of  submitting 


REMARKS    MY    MR.    FISFF.  31 

to  joint  commissions  any  questions  that  they  chose.  So  now  it 
may  be  said,  as  probably  it  will  be  said,  that  we  need  no  arbitra- 
tion treaty  with  Great  Britain  because  we  have  already  what  is 
practically  an  unwritten  treaty,  that  is,  the  prevailing  desire  on 
both  sides  of  the  water  to  submit  all  our  disputes  to  some  peace- 
ful settlement,  and  to  have  them  decided  on  the  basis  of  right  and 
justice.  Well,  that  is  true  ;  but  then  the  answer  to  that  is,  that  if 
such  a  disposition  does  exist — and  1  hope  it  does — it  will  be  all 
the  better  to  have  a  formal  and  official  treaty  that  shall  confirm 
and  strengthen  us  in  that  disposition.  (Applause.)  And  further- 
more, it  may  be  said  that  this  treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  if  one  is  formed,  will  be  more  than  a  mere 
treaty  concerning  those  two  powers.  It  will  be  an  example,  a 
precedent,  and  once  initiated  by  them  it  will  be  readily  followed 
by  other  nations.     (Appla^ise.) 

The  President.  1  have  referred  in  my  opening  remarks  to  the 
treaty  of  1871,  which  committed  to  arbitration  such  vital  interests 
of  the  United  States.  We  can  imagine  none  greater  that  might 
arise  between  nations.  The  greatest  arbitration  treaty  ever  ne- 
gotiated by  this  country  was  that  of  1871  under  the  direction  of 
Secretary  of  State  Hamilton  Fish,  an  honored  name  in  our  his- 
tory, and  we  have  a  worthy  representative  of  that  name  present 
to-day  in  his  son  Stuyvesant  Fish,  of  New  York.  We  should  like 
to  hear  a  word  from  him.     (Applause.) 

Mr.  Stuyvesant  Fish.  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen,  it  is  hard- 
ly necessary  for  me  to  tell  you  that  I  came  unprepared  and  that 
this  is  unexpected.  Half  an  hour  ago  I  was  told  that  I  might  be 
called  upon  and  I  had  thought  of  saying  something  on  the  lines 
of  what  Mr.  Seward  has  so  much  better  said.  It  remains  for  me 
to  take  up  another  branch  of  it,  which  has  relation,  perhaps,  to 
my  vocation — something  purely  commercial.  In  a  very  interesting 
magazine  article  written  about  fifty  years  ago  by  one  of  my 
father's  colleagues  and  friends,  Governor  Boutwell,  after  review- 
ing the  commerce  of  the  whole  world,  he  says  —  I  quote  from 
memory,  not  having  seen  the  article  for  perhaps  a  year  that 
there  are  in  this  world  but  two  great  commercial  nations.  Ke- 
member  this  was  written  fifty  years  ago.  He  says  there  were  at 
that  time  but  two  great  commercial  nations.  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States.     Then  he  says  some  words  which  I  do  not 


32  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

purport  to  quote  literally,  and  which  Governor  Boutwell  perhaps 
to-day  would  not  repeat,  and  perhaps  it  is  not  quite  loyal  in  me 
as  the  son  of  his  friend  and  as  his  friend,  to  quote  them.  But  he 
went  on  to  say  that  neither  of  these  nations  goes  to  war  except 
for  a  distinct,  commercial  advantage,  nor,  having  prosecuted  that 
war  to  a  successful  issue,  fails  to  reap  all  the  commercial  advan- 
tages of  the  victory. 

I  doubt  if  Mr.  Boutwell  would  say  that  to-day,  but  there  is  a 
point  that  I  want  to  bring  out  here  and  that  is  the  importance  to 
Great  Britain  and  to  the  United  States,  as  the  great  commercial 
nations,  of  avoiding  the  loss,  which  our  New  England  is  to-day 
suffering  in  no  small  degree,  the  loss  of  a  great  war.  What 
would  be  to-day  the  cost  of  such  a  war  as  we  prosecuted  between 
1861  and  18()5,  if  carried  on  under  modern  methods?  You  can- 
not contemplate  the  cost  of  a  repetiti(^  of  our  Civil  War,  and  a 
war  between  this  country  and  Great  Britain,  it  seems  to  me, 
would  impoverish  both  nations  for  the  rest  of  time.  That  is  the 
thing  that  is  going  to  work  and  is  working  for  peace  as  potently 
as  anything  that  we  can  devise.  It  seems  to  me  that  as  each  na- 
tion is  especially  a  commercial  nation,  the  appeal  will  have  to  be 
made  on  those  lines  to  the  commercial  interests,  to  the  present 
and  future  tax-payers,  who  will  have  to  pay  the  cost  of  any  war 
which  might  follow  a  failure  to  arbitrate. 

The  President.  We  have  many  and  various  interests  repre- 
sented in  this  Conference.  I  have  a  letter  from  a  gentleman  well 
known  to  you  who  expected  to  be  present,  but  who,  for  the  reasons 
which  he  gives,  is  not  able  to  attend.  I  read  a  letter  from  John 
Mitchell,  President  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  : 

Office  National  President, 
United  Mine  Workers  of  America, 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  December  30,  1903. 
Mr.  John  W.  Foster,  Chairman, 

Executive  Comrnittee  National  Arbitration  Confererice, 

Washington^  D.  C, 

Dear  Sir  :  1  am  in  receipt  of  your  favor  dated  December  18th, 

also  a  communication  from  Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus,  New  York  City, 

in  relation  to  the  arbitration  conference  which  is  to  be  held  in 

Washington  on  Tuesday,  January  12,  1904.     I  regret  very  much 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    GOMPERS.  33 

that  the  work  incident  to  the  forthcomin^j  wage  conference  of  the 
coal  miners  and  coal  operators  of  the  Central  Western  States, 
which  will  be  held  in  this  city  during  the  month  of  January, 
makes  it  impossible  for  me  to  participate  in  the  National  Arbi- 
tration Conference  to  which  you  so  kindly  invite  me.  I  wish  to 
tell  you  tkat  I  am  in  full  sympathy  with  the  purposes  of  your 
Association,  and  were  I  not  so  pressed  with  work  would  gladly 
avail  myself  of  the  opportunity  to  take  part  in  the  Conference. 
I  am,  yours  truly, 

JOHN  MITCHELL, 

President,  U.  M.    W.of  A. 

The  President.  We  have  present  with  us  a  distinguished  rep- 
resentative of  that  large  and  influential  element,  the  labor  organ- 
izations. I  will  ask  Mr.  Samuel  Gompers,  President  of  the  Amer- 
ican Federation  of  Laber,  to  speak  to  us.     (Applause.) 

Mr.  Samuel  Gompers.  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen,  I  am  glad 
that  our  honored  President  has  said  that  in  asking  me  to  address 
you  he  expects  me  to  address  you  for  but  a  very  few  moments. 
The  fact  that  it  is  only  a  very  few  moments  since  I  was  asked  to 
speak  would  perhaps  make  that  statement  unnecessary.  That 
would  go  without  saying. 

I  merely  wish  to  say  that  both  as  an  individual  and  as  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  interests  of  the  organized  wage-earners  of  the 
country  I  am  and  we  are  in  full  accord  and  in  sympathy  with  the 
movement  for  the  establishment  of  international  arbitration  be- 
tween our   government  and  that  of  Great  Britain.     (Applause.) 

It  is  now  a  little  more  than  twenty  years  ago  since  Sir  Lionel 
Playfair,  with  Henry  Kramer,  a  member  of  the  stone-cutters' 
union,  a  member  of  the  British  Parliament,  who  came  to  this 
country  to  enlist  the  good  offices  of  men  in  public  affairs,  in  the 
labor  organizations  to  co-operate  for  the  purpose  of  securing  an 
international  arbitration  treaty  between  the  two  countries.  They 
came  at  the  time  while  the  convention  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  was  taking  place  at  Baltimore,  and  these  gentlemen 
appeared  before  our  convention,  and  a  resolution  was  adopted 
expressing  our  unalterable  devotion  to  the  principles  of  arbitra- 
tion, including  international  arbitration.     (Applause.) 

I  see  several  gentlemen  here  present  whom  I  very  well  remem- 


34  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

ber  as  having  with  them  participated  in  a  conference  and  at  a 
public  mass  meeting  held  at  Steinway  Hall,  in  New  York  City, 
in  favor  of  an  international  arbitration  treaty. 

I  may  say  just  this  one  word.  We  could  very  well  understand 
some  of  the  reasons  why  the  treaty  then  proposed  failed  of  ratifi- 
cation. There  were  very  many  objections  obtaining  then  that 
were  obstacles  to  its  success,  which  do  not  now  exist.  There  is 
a  much  more  enlightened  public  sentiment  among  our  own  peo- 
ple. We  have  broadened  out,  not  only  in  our  minds  but  our 
hearts,  too.     (Applause.) 

We  have  larger  conceptions  of  man's  duty  to  man  and  to  the 
world. 

One  of  the  obstacles  then  prevailing  has  been  eliminated  by 
conditions  obtaining  between  the  government  of  England  and  that 
of  Ireland. 

One  of  the  things  that  prompted  a  large  portion  of  our  people 
to  oppose  anything  like  an  understanding,  much  less  a  treaty  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  has  been  eliminated 
by  the  adjustment  of  one  of  the  great  contentions  between  Eng- 
land and  Ireland.     (Applause.) 

I  need  not  say  that  after  all  the  great  battles  that  are  fought, 
while  there  are  men  in  other  walks  of  life  who  lose  their  lives  and 
their  property,  after  all  the  sum  total  of  those  who  give  up  their 
lives  and  lose  their  limbs  come  from  the  great  body  of  the  wage- 
earners  of  our  country.  (Applause.)  For  that  reason,  as  well 
as  for  the  larger  reason  that  we  are  all  men  (applause),  and  that 
no  man's  life  ought  to  be  given  up  in  a  fray  which  it  is  possible 
to  avoid  within  reason  and  justice  and  morality  (applause),  for 
these  reasons  labor  ought  to  be  and  is  in  favor  of  a  treaty  or  any 
other  method  that  shall  settle  international  disputes  by  peaceful, 
reasonable,  humane  methods,  rather  than  by  the  force  of  arms. 

The  people  of  the  United  States  can  afford  to  be  great,  and 
they  can  afford  to  be  generous,  and  they  can  afford  to  be  noble- 
minded.  Apart  from  the  fact  that  these  attributes  should  come 
to  us  naturally,  we  can  afford  to  continue  our  conduct  upon 
broad  and  high  principles  and  planes.  ' 

I  shall  not  take  up  more  of  your  time  except  to  say  that  I  am 
in  hearty  accord  with  the  purpose  of  this  movement,  and  any- 
thing that  I  can  do  to  contribute  in  any  way  to  make  it  success- 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    BARCLAY.  35 

fill  it  will  be  my  proud  pleasure  to  do,  and  I  shall  regard  it  as 
oue  of  tlie  highest  and  best  duties  tljat  1  have  been  enabled  to 
perform  duriug  a  somewhat  varied  and  extended  life.     (Applause.) 

The  President.  The  next  gentleman  whom  I  shall  call  upon 
will,  I  am  sure,  bring  a  word  of  welcome  from  the  other  side  of 
the  water.  I  ask  Samuel  Barclay,  Esq.,  a  prominent  barrister  of 
London  and  Paris,  who  has  had  much  to  do  with  the  formation 
and  bringing  about  of  the  treaty  of  arbitration  between  France 
and  Great  Britain  to  say  a  word  to  us  now.     (Applause.) 

Mr.  Samuel  Barclay.  Mr.  President,  I  thank  you  for  giving 
me  an  opportunity  of  addressing  an  audience  so  representative 
and  so  important  as  this.  I  have  had  the  pleasure  of  addressing 
several  American  audiences,  and  I  have  only  one  thing  to  say  of 
the  reception  that  I  have  received,  and  that  is  that  they  have 
been  extremely  indulgent,  that  they  have  listened  with  a  great 
deal  of  attention  and  that  they  have  applauded  me,  so  that  I  felt 
quite  ashamed  of  the  poor  speech  I  had  to  offer  them. 

The  treaty  of  1897,  which  was  not  ratified  by  the  Senate  of 
the  United  States,  is  present  to  all  your  minds,  and  I  think  the 
great  question  which  we  should  now  consider  is  just  to  what  ex- 
tent we  can,  perhaps,  use  the  precedent  of  1897  for  the  purpose 
of  getting  a  treaty  ratified  this  time. 

Since  1897  many  things  have  happened.  Many  references 
have  already  been  made  to  the  institution  of  The  Hague  Court, 
but  there  are  one  or  two  other  things  which  have  happened 
which  are  of  very  great  importance  to  us.  First  of  all,  you  have 
the  Anglo-French  Treaty,  which  was  signed  on  the  14th  of  Octo- 
ber last.  You  have  the  Franco-Italian  Treaty  which  was  signed 
on  the  24th  of  December  last.  Before  these  two  treaties, 
another  treaty  was  signed  between  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
Italy,  which  was  not  ratified  by  the  Italian  Parliament.  In  the 
interval  was  another  treaty  between  Italy  and  Argentina  which  is 
now  in  full  force  and  vigor,  and  which  is  a  very  important  treaty 
indeed.  I  wish  I  had  time  to  go  into  it  more  thoroughly,  but  the 
lesson  of  these  treaties  is  that  there  is  a  trend  of  public  opinion 
throughout  Europe,  which  w^e  cannot  afford  to  ignore  or  take 
little  notice  of.  We  must  consider  what  is  the  tendency  of  the 
times.  The  treaty  of  1897  was  placed  before  the  Senate  at  a 
time  when  the  Senate  vaguely  felt  what  was  coming,  and  it  was 


36  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

not  ratified.  I  am  not  prepared  to  say  that  the  Senate  was  alto- 
gether wrong.  That  treaty  provided  that  all  cases  should  be  re- 
ferred to  arbitration.  Now  it  is  true  that  in  a  subsequent  clause 
of  the  treaty  a  certain  form  of  conciliation  became  possible  if 
arbitration  was  not  resorted  to.  There  was  a  confusion  of  two 
ideas  which  President  Jordan  pointed  out.  There  was  a  confu- 
sion of  the  idea  of  arbitration  and  the  idea  of  conciliation.  Since 
then  all  the  treaties  that  have  been  adopted  have  confined  arbi- 
tration to  what  are  properl}^  judicial  cases.  That  is  to  say,  con- 
sidering that  an  arbitration  board  is  a  sort  of  a  court  of  justice, 
you  cannot  submit  to  arbitration  things  which  a  court  of  justice 
cannot  take  cognizance  of.  A  judicial  case  is  a  case  for  a  court. 
A  judicial  case  as  between  nations  is  a  case  for  a  court  of  arbitra- 
tion ;  but  when  you  come  to  take  the  case  which  is  present  to  all 
of  our  minds  this  moment,  and  which  is  threatening  the  peace  of 
the  world,  the  case  between  Japan  and  Russia,  Japan  claims  a 
sphere  of  influence,  while  Russia  claims  an  indispensable  outlet 
from  Siberia.  Here  is  a  clash.  There  is  no  question  of  justice 
between  the  two,  and  there  is  no  judicial  case.  How  could  you 
arbitrate  a  case  of  that  kind  ?  If  a  solution  could  be  found,  of 
course  we  would  all  be  glad,  but  that  is  the  sort  of  a  case  which 
we  all  feel  is  not  an  arbitrable  case.  It  might  be  a  conciliable 
case. 

The  Alaska  Boundary  affair  was  considered  by  the  Senate 
not  to  be  an  arbitrable  case  ;  it  was  considered  to  be  a  conciliable 
case,  and  for  that  reason  the  Joint  High  Commission  was  ap- 
pointed and  not  a  court  of  arbitration.  The  trend  of  opinion 
seems  to  come  to  this,  that  vital  interests  and  national  honor 
must  be  excepted,  or  at  all  events  that  there  must  be  a  loophole 
to  escape  from  the  treaty  if  need  be.  1  do  not  say  that  is  just 
what  we  want,  but  it  is  no  use  fightiug  for  a  thiug  which  we  are 
not  likely  to  get.  We  must  confine  our  interests,  I  think,  to  try- 
ing to  get  what  seems  to  be  possible. 

Now  there  was  one  treaty  which  went  further  than  all  these 
modern  treaties.  That  was  the  treaty  between  the  Argentine 
Republic  and  the  Kingdom  of  Italy.  That  treaty  was  not  ratified 
by  the  Italian  Senate.  There  you  have  the  same  idea  at  the 
bottom  of  the  refusal  to  ratify  it  as  prevailed  in  the  Senate  of 
this  country.     The  fear  of  binding  down  a  State  and  leaving  it 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    BARCLAY.  37 

without  a  loophole  of  escape:  Now  let  us  come  to  see  whether 
after  all  it  is  a  matter  of  such  very  great  importance.  There  is  a 
common  idea,  a  very  pernicious  idea,  that  a  treaty  of  arbitration 
is  a  gag  ;  that  it  binds  a  government  not  to  go  to  war.  That 
should  not  be  the  idea  at  all.  It  is  simply  an  implement  in  the 
hands  of  a  country  to  assist  it  in  avoiding  war.  If  it  is  the  ob- 
ject of  diplomacy  to  avoid  war,  we  must  assume  that  no  govern- 
ment at  the  present  day  wishes  to  have  war  if  war  can  be  avoided, 
and  that  this  is  a  further  method  to  place  in  the  hands  of  govern- 
ment for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  war.  That  is  the  way  we  must 
look  upon  a  treaty  of  arbitration.  Then  is  not  a  loophole  a  good 
thing  ?  Is  it  not  a  good  thing  to  put  a  treaty  into  such  a  form  that 
the  general  public  will  have  no  doubt  whether  arbitration  may  or 
may  not  be  a  benefit  to  the  country  ?  The  more  latitude  you 
leave,  it  seems  to  me,  the  better.  Then  I  should  say  that  the 
treaty  of  arbitration  between  Great  Britain  and  France  is  a  very 
good  model  indeed.  It  is  full  of  loopholes,  but  it  is  a  splendid 
weapon  for  negotiation.  It  is  a  splendid  means  of  prolonging 
negotiation,  a  splendid  means  of  gaining  time,  and  that  is  the  real 
object  I  think  we  ought  to  tend  to  achieve ;  that  is,  to  place 
in  the  hands  of  government  a  means  of  gaining  time  in  an  emer- 
gency. When  an  emergency  arises  you  know  how  the  press 
clamors,  and  how  public  opinion  gets  excited  and  how  the  gov- 
ernment is  dragged  along  in  spite  of  itself. 

If  you  read  the  memoirs  of  Bismarck  you  will  see  how  he  de- 
liberately allowed  himself  to  be  dragged  into  war.  He  knew 
what  would  be  the  effect  of  public  opinion.  He  says  so  in  his 
memoirs.  He  issued  that  dispatch  with  the  deliberate  purpose 
of  exciting  public  opinion,  and  then  he  turned  around  and  said, 
"  I  cannot  help  myself,  I  must  go  to  war,  public  opinion  requires 
it."  Well,  that  is  the  sort  of  thing  we  want  to  avoid.  We  want 
to  give  governments  an  opportunity  of  escape  from  war  if  they  do 
not  want  to  go  to  war.  We  do  not  want  to  place  too  much  in  th(^ 
hands  of  one  man.  We  want  to  give  the  opportunity  for  further 
suggestions  or  negotiations  if  possible,  and  if  in  this  country  and 
Great  Britain  we  can  get  a  treaty  on  the  line  of  the  Anglo-Frencli 
Treaty  to  begin  with,  wHich  is  beiug  followed  by  the  Eranto- 
Italian  Treaty,  and  which  is  going  to  be  followed  almost  entirely 
word  for  word  by  the  Anglo-Italian,  I  think  we  shall  have  done  a 


38  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

great  deal  toward  securing  a  perpetual  peace  between  the  two 
Then  later  on  let  us  try  to  get  something  more.  Let  us  try  to  go 
to  the  full  extent  of  the  Treaty  of  1897.  But  there  is  a  great  ad- 
vantage in  moderation.  I  believe  the  less  you  ask  for  the  more 
you  are  likely  to  get,  and  if  we  are  moderate  in  our  demands  in 
the  beginning  we  shall  probably  better  be  able  to  attain  our  pur- 
pose than  by  proposing  much  to  them,  of  which  they  will  give 
perhaps  only  a  little. 

I  know  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  distrust  of  arbitration  in 
Great  Britain.  There  was  a  very  strong  feeling,  so  strong  that 
practically  the  whole  press  in  Great  Britain  was  at  one  time 
against  the  movement.  Finally  I  had  to  reduce  the  demand  to 
the  limits  which  were  ultimately  adopted. 

The  Hague  Court  is  a  great  institution  at  this  moment.  There 
is  a  gentleman  here  who  has  made  it  a  much  greater  institution, 
and  there  is  a  movement  in  which  that  gentleman  has  taken  part 
which  will  still  more  strengthen  it.  I  refer  to  Mr.  Andrew  Car- 
negie. (Applause.)  We  should  do  everything  we  can  to  strengthen 
that  cause.  The  treaty  of  arbitration  between  Great  Britain  and 
France  refers  all  questions  to  The  Hague  Court  which  are  proper 
to  be  so  submitted.  The  Franco-Italian  Treaty  does  the  same 
thing,  and  the  Anglo-Italian  Treaty  is  going  to  do  the  same  thing. 
I  believe  that  if  we  confine  our  efforts  to  the  same  end  in  the  treaty 
between  this  country  and  Great  Britain  we  shall  do  as  much  as 
we  can  for  the  present,  perhaps. 

The  Secretary.  I  was  requested  by  the  president,  who  is  mo- 
mentarily absent,  to  ask  Judge  Keck,  representative  of  the  New 
York  State  Bar  Association,  to  address  the  Conference. 

Judge  Keck.  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen  of  this  Conference, 
I  come  forward  without  any  notice  whatever  that  1  was  to  say  a 
word  here  to-day,  but  I  assure  you  that  after  listening  to  the  re- 
marks that  have  been  made,  if  there  is  anything  we  can  do  to 
prevent  war  I  favor  that.  I  have  visited  the  graves  of  some  of 
my  old  comrades  whom  we  laid  away  during  the  dark  days  of  our 
Civil  War,  and  when  I  look  back,  and  recall  the  scenes  about  this 
great  Capital  in  those  days,  it  seems  like  a  dream.  As  one  of  our 
great  leaders.  General  Sherman,  said,  ''War  is  hell,"  and  I  know 
of  no  better  description.  If  we  can  by  peaceful  methods  bring 
about  results  that  have  hithertofore  been  settled  by  the  sword,  I 


REMARKS    BY    PRESIDENT  PRATHER.  89 

say  amen  to  that.  I  do  not  of  course  commit  the  New  York 
State  Bar  Association  to  any  proposition  or  purpose.  I  have  no 
authority  to  do  that,  but  I  have  been  connected  with  that  Associa- 
tion for  many  years,  and  in  all  these  questions  that  affect  national 
prosperity,  national  progress,  national  justice,  that  Association 
has  always  taken  a  deep  interest,  and  I  have  no  doubt  it  will 
throw  its  influence  in  the  direction  of  carrying  forward  the  pur- 
poses of  this  Conference  here  to-day.  Gentlemen,  I  am  obliged 
to  you  for  the  few  moments  that  you  have  given  me.     (Applause.) 

The  Pkesident.  We  have  in  attendance  upon  the  Conference 
a  number  of  representatives  from  the  far  South.  We  want  to 
hear  from  that  quarter  of  our  common  country.  We  have  with 
us  President  W.  L.  Prather,  of  the  University  of  Texas,  and  we 
should  be  glad  to  have  him  address  us.     (Applause.) 

President  Prather.  Mr.  Chairman  and  Gentlemen:  Perhaps 
you  are  as  much  surprised  as  I  am  that  a  man  from  Texas  should 
be  called  upon  to  make  a  speech  for  peace.  (Laughter.)  Texans 
have  been  a  fighting  people  and  are  proud  of  their  glorious  his- 
tory. They  gave  to  the  world  in  their  defense  of  the  Alamo,  where 
not  one  was  left  to  tell  the  story  of  their  dying  valor,  the  sublimest 
exhibition  of  heroic  courage  in  the  history  of  the  world.  When 
the  President  of  the  United  States  (Mr.  Roosevelt)  proposed  to 
raise  his  regiment  of  Rough  Riders,  which  were  to  win  new  glories 
for  the  flag  of  our  nation,  he  stated  that  it  was  his  desire  to  form 
them  under  the  shadow  of  the  Alamo. 

To-day,  as  President  of  the  University  of  Texas,  I  come  to  this 
Conference  with  one  whom  we  are  proud  to  recognize  as  Chair- 
man of  our  Board  of  Regents  (Hon.  Geo.  W.  Brackenridge),  the 
leading  financier  of  our  section,  who  also  c^mes  from  beneath  the 
shadow  of  the  Alamo.  But  we  come  upon  a  mission  of  peace, 
we  come  as  representatives  of  the  educational  interests,  not  only 
of  Texas  but  also  of  oar  common  country,  to  contribute  our  in- 
fluence to  the  success  of  this  Arbitration  Conference,  feeling  that 
this  meeting  is  itself  a  part  of  that  great  educational  movement 
that  looketh  to  the  peace  of  the  nations.     (Applause.) 

Texas  has  ever  stood  for  universal  education  as  a  political  and 
economic  measure.  As  early  as  1836,  in  their  Declaration  of 
Independence,  the  people  of  Texas  declared  that  the  failure  of 
the  government  to  provide  for  the  education  of  its  children  was 


40  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

a  ground  for  revolution,  and  announced  that  it  was  "  an  axiom 
of  political  science  that  unless  a  people  are  educated  and  enlight- 
ened it  is  idle  to  expect  a  continuance  of  civil  liberty  or  the 
capacity  for  self-government." 

To-day  every  publication  issued  by  the  University  of  Texas 
bears  upon  it,  as  its  master  thought,  a  sentence  from  the  message 
of  President  Lamar  to  the  Texas  Congress  of  1839  :  "  Educated 
mind  is  the  guardian  genius  of  democracy.  *  *  *  It  is  the 
only  dictator  that  freemen  acknowledge,  and  the  only  security 
that  freemen  desire."  This  is  the  only  basis  for  an  enlightened 
and  virtuous  democracy.  If  it  be  true  that  the  idea  of  an  educated 
democracy  is  the  overshadowing  thought  of  modern  times,  well 
may  the  Goddess  of  Liberty,  with  torch  in  hand  enlightening  the 
nations  of  the  world,  typify  America. 

In  this  great  movement,  looking  to  the  education  of  mankind  to 
the  pursuance  of  peaceful  methods  in  the  settlement  of  all  inter- 
national differences,  and  which  movement  I  believe  to  be  the 
greatest  ever  undertaken  by  man,  Texas  gladly  joins,  since  it  is 
logically  a  work  of  economic  education.  Standing  upon  this 
platform  with  the  honored  Secretary  of  this  meeting  (Mr.  Thos. 
Nelson  Page),  a  college  friend,  who  sat  with  me  at  the  feet  of  the 
greatest  soldier  of  this  country,  and  who,  when  he  had  graduated 
with  such  distinction  in  all  the  arts  of  war,  voluntarily  took  upon 
himself  in  the  crowning  years  of  his  noble  life,  the  training  of 
the  young  men  of  his  loved  Southland  in  the  arts  of  peace,  when 
I  recall  this  greatest  warrior  of  modern  times  I  feel  that  if  he 
were  living  and  here  to-day,  his  voice  would  be  for  peace.  It  is 
of  Robert  E.  Lee  that  I  speak.     (Applause.) 

Here,  too,  would  stund  that  great  soldier  to  whom  Lee  surren- 
dered, and  upon  whose  majestic  tomb  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson 
is  cut  in  imperishable  marble  that  beautiful  inscription,  worthy 
of  him,  and  worthy  of  this  great  occasion,  "  Let  us  have  peace." 
(Applause.) 

The  President.  Among  the  most  numerously  represented  inter- 
ests of  the  country  present  to-day  are  the  commercial  organiza- 
tions. I  call  upon  Mr.  W.  R.  Tapper,  Secretary  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Chamber  of  Commerce,  to  read  the  resolutions  of  that 
Chamber  recently  adopted  on  the  subject  of  arbitration. 

Mr.  W.  E.  TuppER.  Mr.  President,  I  do  not  intend  to  burden 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    TUPPER.  41 

you  with  any  remarks,  but  if  you  will  permit  me  I  will  merely 
read  the  resolution  that  was  passed  yesterday  by  the  Committee 
on  Arbitration  of  the  Philadelphia  Board  of  Trade,  expressing  its 
views  upon  this  very  interesting,  important  and  vital  question  : 

Jiesolved,  That  the  Philadelphia  Board  of  Trade  approves  the 
general  proposition  for  an  Anglo-American  Treaty  of  Arbitration 
and  Conciliation  for  the  settlement  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  of  all  questions  of  grave  national  importance, 
or  involving  territorial  claims  or  claims  of  their  citizeos,  as  the 
most  effective  means  for  securiog  stability  to  the  political  and 
commercial  relations  between  their  respective  peoples,  the  same 
to  be  so  framed  as  not  to  be  inconsistent  with  the  support  which 
the  government  of  the  United  States  has  given  to  The  Hague 
International  Tribunal." 

There  is  nothing  for  me  to  add  to  that  expression  except  to  say 
that  as  far  as  1  am  aware  of  the  commercial  sentiment  of  this 
country,  I  believe  that  the  vital  interests  of  commerce  and  of  hu- 
manity run  along  the  line  of  securing  some  definite  expression 
from  the  nations  of  the  world  upon  this  very  important  subject, 
so  that  questions  of  the  character  mentioned  in  this  resolution 
and  others  that  we  have  dwelt  upon  here  may  be  settled  in  other 
ways  than  by  the  arbitrament  of  war.     (Applause.) 

The  President.  The  object  in  the  assembling  of  this  Conference 
was  to  get  a  consensus  of  opinion  of  citizens  of  the  country,  not 
men  who  had  the  responsibility  of  government  on  their  hands. 
Therefore  we  have  not  invited  Senators,  Congressmen,  or  heads 
of  the  various  departments  of  the  government,  but  a  member  of 
Congress  is  present  who  has  been  prominent  in  the  arbitration 
movement  and  who  desires  to  make  a  statement  which  will  be  in- 
teresting. I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  Hon.  Kichard  Bar- 
tholdt,  a  member  of  Congress,  from  St.  Louis.     (Applause.) 

Hon.  Richard  Bartholdt.  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen,  1 
merely  desire  to  make  an  announcement,  or  to  impart  some  infor- 
mation which  I  am  sure  will  be  gratifying  to  this  most  distin- 
guished audience.  The  Inter-Parliamentary  Union  for  the  pro- 
motion of  International  Arbitration,  comprising  members  of  all 
parliaments  of  the  civilized  world,  at  its  last  conference  at  Vienna, 
decided  to  hold  its  next  conference  on  American  soil.  (Applause.) 
The  resolution  was  adopted  upon  my  motion,  after  a  very  lively 


42  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

discussioD.  Deamark  was  a  candidate  for  the  honor,  and  a  dele- 
gation from  Denmark  were  present,  offering  not  only  guarantees 
from  their  government  as  to  a  large  appropriation  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  delegates,  but  they  also  presented  an  invitation 
from  their  Congress,  inviting  the  conference  to  come  to  Copen- 
hagen this  year.  But  in  view  of  that  great  work  of  peace  which 
has  been  prepared  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  the  World's  Fair,  and 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  United  States  has  always  taken  a 
leading  part  in  questions  of  arbitration,  and  in  view  particularly 
of  the  fact  that  only  one  week  preceding  that  Vienna  Conference 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  Theodore  Roosevelt,  had  re- 
ferred the  Venezuela  question  to  The  Hague  Court  of  Arbitration 
(applause) — in  view  of  all  these  considerations  I  am  ha.ppy  to  say 
that  I  won  the  battle  single-handed  ;  being  the  only  American 
^delegate  present.  (Applause.)  The  Congress  decided  unani- 
n^usly  to  hold  their  next  conference  at  St.  Louis.  That  great 
/organization  does  not  consist  of  theorists  or  dreamers,  but  prac- 
/tical  men  of  affairs  and  statesmen  who  strive  only  for  the 
Attainable  and  whose  main  purpose  is  to  insert,  if  possible,  into 
every  arbitration  treaty  to  be  negotiated  hereafter  (applause),  and 
into  every  treaty  of  commerce  and  into  every  other  treaty  a  clause 
providing  that  all  differences  arising  between  the  two  treaty- 
making  nations  shall  be  settled  by  arbitration. 

The  first  step  in  the  United  States  to  become  a  part  of  this 
international  arbitration  movement  is  the  organization  of  a  group 
in  the  American  Congress,  and  I  have  taken  it  upon  myself  to 
invite  all  the  senators  and  members  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives to  a  conference  to  be  held  to-morrow  night  in  the  hall  of 
the  House  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  such  a  group  for  inter- 
national arbitration.  (Applause.)  It  is  to  become  part  and 
parcel  of  the  international  body. 

When  those  three  or  four  hundred  distinguished  men,  many 
of  them  Speakers  of  Houses,  Presidents  of  Senates,  many  members 
of  the  House  of  Lords  of  England,  when  all  these  distinguished 
men  come  with  their  ladies,  it  is  necessary  that  they  be  properly 
entertained.  According  to  my  own  experience  and  information, 
it  has  been  the  custom  in  Europe  to  entertain  these  delegates  by 
banquets,  their  railroad  fare  was  free,  their  hotel  bills  were  paid, 
souvenirs  were  presented  them,  and,  consequently,  if  we  would 
treat  them  as  our  guests  in  the  "same  manner,  the  expenses  will 


BOSTON    CHAMBER    OF    COMMERCE.  43 

be  considerable.     For  that  reason  we  shall  ask  for  an  appropria- 
tion of  about  $50,000  from  Congress.     And  I  here  and  now  ask 
you  to  prevail  upon  the  members  of  Congress,  in  your  respective' 
districts,    to  support  that  appropriation  when  it  comes   up.     I 
thank  you  for  your  attention.     (Applause.)  I 

The  President.  We  have  had  the  resolutions  of  the  Philadelphia 
Chamber  of  Commerce  read.  There  are  upon  the  table  resolu- 
tions of  Chambers  of  Commerce  from  other  cities  of  the  country. 
You  cannot  hear  them  all,  but  I  read  the  resolutions  adopted 
by  the  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
Kesolutions  adopted  at  a  meeting  held  January  7,  1904. 

Whereas  the  government  of  the  United  States  has  recently 
adopted  the  principle  of  arbitration  in  the  settlement  of  difierences 
with  other  nations  in  respect  to  the  Alaskan  boundary  and  the 
Yenezuelan  boundary  question ;  and 

Whereas,  such  mode  of  settlement  is  in  the  interest  of  peace 
and  national  well-being,  it  is  hereby 

Resolved^  By  the  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce  that  we  favor 
the  negotiation  of  a  treaty  of  arbitration  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  under  which  all  questions  that  may 
hereafter  arise,  excepting  only  those  that  relate  to  national  honor 
and  territorial  jurisdiction,  shall  be  referred  to  the  International 
Tribunal  at  The  Hague  for  final  settlement. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolution  be  sent  to  the  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  States,  the  Secretary  of  State  and  the  Senators 
and  Representatives  of  Massachusetts. 

ELWYN  G.  PRESTON, 

Secretary. 
A  true  copy.     Attest. 

The  President.  We  have  with  us  to-day  the  Governor  of  the 
State  of  Indiana,  but  before  asking  him  to  address  you,  let  me 
read  one  or  two  of  the  letters  from  other  governors. 


44  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

State  of  New  York. 

Executive  Chamber, 

Albany,  Deceiriber  28,  1903. 
Mr.  John  W.  Foster,  Chairman^ 

National  Arbitration  Conference, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
My  Dear  Sir  :  I  beg  to  ackoowledge  receipt  of  your  letter  of 
the  19th  inviting  me  to  attend  the  National  Arbitration  Confer- 
ence in  Washington,  on  Tuesday,  January  12,  1904. 

1  wish  my  engagements  were  such  that  I  could  be  present  on 
that  occasion,  because  I  am  in  entire  sympathy  with  the  object 
of  this  assembly.  My  engagements  are  such,  however,  that  I  can- 
not be  present. 

The  principle  of  arbitration  and  peaceful  settlement  of  inter- 
national differences  has  been  making  tremendous  headway  during 
the  past  decade.  It  is  to  be  hoped,  and  most  fervently  prayed  for, 
that  the  time  will  soon  come  when  the  necessity  or  apparent 
necessity  for  the  adjustment  of  difficulties  between  nations  by 
force  of  arms  may  no  longer  exist. 

Yery  truly  yours, 

' B.  B.  ODELL,  Jr. 

Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts, 

Executive  Department, 

Boston,  December  29,  1903. 
Hon.  John  W.  Foster, 

Chairman^  National  Arbiti'ation  Conference, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Dear  Sir  :  I  thank  you  for  your  communication  of  the  26th  in- 
stant. Owing  to  official  duties  in  connection  with  the  session 
of  our  State  legislature,  it  will  not  be  possible  for  me  to  attend 
the  International  Arbitration  Conference,  to  be  held  in  Washing- 
ton on  Tuesday,  January  12,  1904. 

Permit  me  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  objects  of  this 
Conference,  and  my  wish  that  as  the  result  of  the  deliberations  of 
those  who  may  gather  in  response  to  your  invitation,  the  cause 
of  international  arbitration  may  be  forwarded,  the  world's  peace 
strengthened,  and,  in  particular,  interest  renewed  in  the  adoption 
of  a  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  under 
which  these  nations  may  bind  themselves  to  resort  to  The  Hague 


REMARKS    BY    GOVERNOR    DUKBIH.  45 

tribunal  for  the  settlement  of  such  differences  as  may  arise  be- 
tween them.     I  am, 

Yours  very  truly, 

JOHN  L.  BATES. 

Executive  Department, 
State  of  California, 

Sacramento,  December  30,  1903. 
Hon.  John  W.  Foster, 

CKairman,  National  Arbitratioii  Coiiference, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Dear  Sir  :  I  beg  to  acknowledge,  and  to  thank  you  for,  the  in- 
vitation to  attend  the  International  Arbitration  Conference  to  be 
held  in  the  city  of  Washington  on  December  12,  1904.  If  my 
other  duties  would  permit,  it  would  be  a  pleasure  and  privilege  to 
attend  the  session  of  the  Conference  and  to  lend  any  assistance 
in  my  power  to  the  furtherance  of  the  great  object  of  peace  among 
the  nations.  No  grander  purpose  can  engage  the  attention  of  men 
who  are  desirous  of  benefiting  their  kind  and  leaving  the  world 
better  than  they  found  it.  To  all  who  are  engaged  in  this  task  I 
send  my  godspeed  and  best  wishes  for  their  success. 
Yery  truly  yours, 

GEORGE  C.  PARDEE, 

Governor  of  California. 

The  President.  I  now  ask  Governor  Durbin  of  Indiana  to  ad- 
dress us.  A  man  who  has  done  so  much  to  preserve  domestic 
peace  and  to  suppress  lawlessness  in  his  own  State  will  receive  a 
hearty  welcome  from  this  assemblage.     (Applause.) 

Governor  W.  T.  Durbin.  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen  of  the 
Conference,  I  had  hoped  that  your  President,  my  good  friend 
General  Foster,  would  permit  my  presence  to'  sufficiently  attest 
my  interest  in  the  subject  and  object  of  this  Conference.  I  was 
fearful  that  if  I  should  be  called  upon  to  speak  I  might  to 
my  humiliation  be  compelled  to  confess  my  lack  of  intimate 
knowledge  relative  to  the  movement  this  meeting  has  been 
called  to  further. 

Having  had  a  modest  experience  as  a  soldier  in  the  Civil  War 
and  our  war  with  Spain,  I  would  naturally  be  looked  upon  as  an 
advocate  of  "peace  if  we  have  to  tight  for  it."  Yet  I  have 
noted  that  those  who  look  with  least  favor  upon  a  resort  to  war 
are  those  who  have  experienced  the  horrible  realities  of  battle. 


46  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

One  of  the  most  conspicuous  examples  of  international  arbitra- 
tion was  given  to  the  world  by  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  under  the  administration  of  General  Grant,  the  greatest 
captain  of  our  times,  but  whose  memorable  words  were  "  Let  us 
have  peace. "  William  McKiuley  was  a  soldier,  and  a  gallant 
one,  yet  there  was  never  exhibited  on  any  battlefield  bravery 
more  splendid  than  tbat  displayed  by  him  in  the  early  days 
of  1898,  when,  turning  his  face  against  popular  opinion  almost 
unanimously  demanding  an  instant  declaration  of  war  against 
Spain,  he  plead  for  peace,  and  exhausted  the  last  expedient 
of  diplomacy,  to  the  end  that  the  differences  which  constituted 
the  causes  for  a  resort  to  international  conflict  might  be  amicably 
adjusted. 

The  progress  of  invention  is  rapidly  making  war  not  only  inex- 
pedient, but  impossible.  We  are  reaching  the  point  in  military 
and  naval  development  where  we  must  have  peace,  because 
we  do  not  dare  to  fight,  even  if  we  were  not,  with  increasing 
civilization,  imbued  to  a  greater  degree  with  the  humanitarian 
spirit  which  makes  an  appeal  to  physical  force  as  a  means 
of  adjusting  disputes  appear  as  irrational  upon  the  part  of  a  na- 
tion as  upon  that  of  an  individual.  A  conflict  between  armies 
and  fleets  under  modern  conditions  would  mean  something  more 
than  the  injury  of  one  party  to  the  struggle — it  might  mean  the 
annihilation  of  both. 

1  visited  the  Navy  Department  this  morning  and  heard, — with 
particular  pride  because  the  vessel  in  question  bears  the  name  of 
the  Hoosier  State, — the  result  in  a  trial  of  marksmanship  on  one 
of  our  battleships.  It  appears  that  one  gun,  firing  four  times  at 
intervals  of  forty-five  seconds,  hit  the  bull's-eye  each  time,  while 
the  vessel  was  under  way.  Think  of  what  this  would  mean 
in  actual  conflict,  the  projection  from  each  gun,  with  unerring 
accuracy  oftener  than  once  a  minute,  of  great  masses  of  metal 
against  the  sides  of  opposing  ships.  There  has  been  a  cor- 
responding development  in  the  army  weapon.  The  zone  of  fire 
is  now  the  range  of  vision.  There  will  be  no  more  hand-to-hand 
struggles  over  the  decks  of  ships  of  the  line,  no  charges  like  that 
of  the  Light  Brigade  or  of  Pickett  at  Gettj^sburg.  The  pictur- 
esque element  has  in  large  part  been  eliminated  from  warfare,  and 
there  is  left  only  the  horrors  of   wholesale  slaughter?) 

We  cannot  afford  to  go  to  war  any  more.     (Applause.)    Civili- 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    FARQUHAR.  47 

zation  could  not  afford  the  awful  outpouring  of  blood  and  treasure 
that  would  characterize  an  armed  conflict  between  two  such  na- 
tions as  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain.  It  is  fitting 
that  they  should,  by  an  agreement  for  the  amicable  adjust- 
ment of  any  differences  that  may  arise  between  them,  set  an 
example  for  the  emulation  of  the  rest  of  the  w^orld.  The  recent 
settlement  of  the  boundary  dispute  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States,  a  consummation  which  would  have 
been  utterly  impossible  even  half  a  century  ago,  is  a  triumph 
for  both  nations  greater  than  it  would  have  been  possible 
for  either  of  them  to  achieve  by  the  sword,  no  matter  what 
the  issue  of  such  a  conflict  might  have  been. 

Our  nation  stands  for  peace,  for  friendly  relations  with  all 
the  world.  It  is  fitting  that  our  people  should  lead  in  the  move- 
ment for  the  recognition  in  principle  and  the  adoption  in 
practice  of  international  arbitration.  I  rise  simply  to  pledge  my- 
self to  do  anything  within  my  power,  personally  or  officially, 
to  advance  the  object  of  this  Conference.     (Applause). 

The  President.  Among  other  large  organizations  represented 
in  this  Conference  is  the  National  Association  of  Manufacturers, 
an  organization  extending  throughout  the  country.  By  its 
ofticial  action  a  delegate  is  present  in  the  person  of  Mr.  A.  B. 
Farquhar,  and  we  shall  be  glad  to  hear  from  him. 

Mr.  A.  B.  Farquhar.  Mr.  Chairman  and  gentlemen  of  the 
Arbitration  Conference,  in  response  to  your  invitation  I  am 
here  as  the  representative  of  the  National  Association  of  Manu- 
facturers— which  is,  perhaps,  the  greatest  business  organization 
of  the  world — to  tell  you  that  we  are  with  the  cause  of  arbitra- 
tion— heart,  mind  and  soul.  The  relations  of  general  peace,  how- 
ever, to  productive  business  call  for  little  discussion  from  our 
Association;  for  some  other  members  of  the  body  politic,  the 
importance  of  peace  may  be  open  to  argument,  but  for  us  it  is  a 
matter  of  simple  perception.  The  destruction  of  property,  where- 
with our  produce  is  to  be  bought — of  life,  and  of  demand  for  our 
product  payi  passu  of  general  stability  of  conditions,  and  of 
enterprise  and  confidence  as  a  consequence — these  are  disasters 
too  unmistakable  to  permit  the  business  man  to  hesitate  in  tak- 
ing measures  to  avoid  them,  such  as  this  body  seeks  to  take.  It 
is  quite   true  that,  along  with  the  general   economic  disaster,  a 


48  NATIONAL    AKBITUATION    OONFERENCP]. 

state  of  war  brings  in  wealth  to  a  few  producers ;  but  gains  like 
this  stand  in  the  midst  of  widespread  loss  like  the  gains  of  lot- 
teries. No  ;  our  interest  is  really  too  self-evident  for  argument, 
and  I  will  turn  to  the  general  question,  Can  arbitration  be  made 
practically  successful  ? 

The  question  of   international   arbitration,  though   the  discus- 
sion  of  it  may  perhaps  be  something  belonging    especially   to 
these  latter  years,  is  really  a  venerably  old  one  ;  and  one,  indeed, 
which  in  a  slightly  different  form  comes  down  to  us  from  a  time 
far  back  of  History,  being   closely  associated   with  the  earliest 
efforts  of  man  to  live  as  something  better  than  a  beast.     Whether 
men  should  be   governed  in  their  mutual  relations  by  law  or  by 
brute  force   was  necessarily  among  the  first  problems  that  their 
slowly  developing  intelligence   had  to  encounter — a  problem  on 
whose    decision    the    possibility    of   progress    essentially  rested. 
The  oldest  literature  is  a  step  in  the  solution  of  this  problem. 
The  earliest  Egyptian  writings  (other  than  mere  inscriptions)  com- 
ing from  a  lapse  of  time  estimated  between  five  and  six  thousand 
years,   are   compact    codes   of   conduct   and  behavior  ;  in   other 
words,  guides  to  aid  men  in  living  according  to  law  and  avoiding 
appeals   to  force.     The   oldest   writing  in  the   Hebrew  Bible  is 
believed  to  be  the   Decalog,  with  the  brief  code  set  forth  in  the 
21st  to  23d  Chapters  of  Exodus.     Similar  rules  of  conduct  come 
from    a    like    antiquity  in    the    Hindu  and    Chinese    literatures. 
These  ancient  precepts  we  may  look  upon  as  the  first  notes  of  a 
conflict  not  even  yet  completely  decided ;  for  every  day's  police 
court   proceedings  prove  that  there  are  yet  men  among  us  who 
prefer  to  the  sober  arbitrament  of  law  the  time-honored  wager  of 
battle. 

In  this  twentieth  Christian  century — few  as  are  the  generations 
elapsed  since  that  age,  "  when  knighthood  was  in  flower,"  and  the 
right  of  private  war  was  cherished  among  the  most  precious 
privileges  of  chivalry — the  question  of  law  or  force,  as  a  basis  of 
decision  between  citizen  and  citizen,  hardly  calls  for  argument. 
That  is  a  question  on  which  reasoning  people  are  agreed.  The 
question  before  the  world  to-day  is  whether  the  points  at  issue 
between  nation  and  nation  are  of  a  character  so  radically  and 
fundamentally  different  from  those  between  individual  citizens, 
that  the  method  of  settling  differences  which  is  all  wrong  in  the 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    FARQUHAR.  49 

latter  case  is  all  right  in  the  former,  while  the  method  which  the 
united  experience  of  all  nations  through  fifty  centuries  has  vindi- 
cated and  established  for  the  one  is  totally  inapplicable  to  the 
other.  It  would  surely  seem  that  this  difference  in  character  be- 
tween national  questions  and  individual  questions  ought  to  be 
exceptionally  clear,  as  well  as  exceptionally  wide,  to  justify  such 
diametrically  opposite  methods  at  the  same  time  ;  particularly 
when  we  know  that  nations  are  made  up  of  citizens,  and  tliat  the 
same  human  nature  characterizes  both  the  individual  and  the  ag- 
gregate. And  yet;,  in  fact,  no  such  difference  has  been  pointed 
out.  We  have  often  heard  of  something  called  "  national  honor," 
which  refuses  submission  to  arbitration,  and  demands  that  ques- 
tions involving  it  shall  be  decided  by  bloodshed  rather  than  rea- 
son ;  these  questions,  it  appears,  relate  usually  to  the  position  of 
boundary  lines.  But  though  it  has  been  some  time  since  private 
citizens  resorted,  on  principle,  to  homicide  and  mayhem  where 
the  boundaries  of  their  estates  were  involved,  it  has  not  beeu  so 
very  long — three  or  four  generations,  perhaps,  while  iu  certain 
communities  making  high  pretensions  to  civilization  the  time  has 
hardly  yet  passed — since  the  same  motive,  "  honor,"  has  been  at^ 
cepted  in  certain  cases  as  the  sufficient  justification  of  ruffianly 
rather  than  peaceful  settlement  of  personal  differences.  It  is  very 
difficult,  after  the  most  painstaking  examination,  to  find  any  es- 
seatal  difference  between  these  last  cases  and  the  points  on 
which  we  are  assured  that  international  disagreements  can  only 
properly  be  settled  by  ruffianism  on  a  larger  scale.  The  only 
real  and  practical  difference  is  that  other  citizens  have  the  power, 
by  combining,  to  enforce  the  employment  of  orderly  methods  of 
settlement  on  citizens  whose  passions  would  lead  them  to  prefer 
the  more  primitive  plan,  while  nations  are  not  subject,  or  not  as 
yet  subject,  to  any  such  pressure  from  other  nations.  The  citi- 
zen may  not,  while  the  nation  usually  may,  glut  its  appetite  for 
vengeance  with  impunity,  so  far  as  outsiders  are  concerned. 

There  is  no  serious  question  of  principle,  therefore,  in  the  way 
of  universal  international  arbitration,  for  all  kinds  of  differences 
that  may  arise.  There  is  no  reasonable  doubt  that  any  and  every 
claim  that  one  nation  may  make  on  another  ought  if  possible  to 
be  adjudicated  by  an  impartial  tribunal.  In  order  to  avoid  the 
danger  of  vexatious  suits  on  unfounded  claims,  it  should  be  pro- 


50  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

vided  that  the  party  against  whom  the  decision  was  rendered 
should  pay  the  costs  of  the  adj  udication.  The  difficulties  remaining 
in  the  way  of  a  smooth-working  scheme  of  general  arbitration  are 
difficulties  in  practical  application  and  not  in  principle,  but  they 
are  perhaps  not  less  serious  on  that  account.  There  is  the  un- 
certainty of  obtaining  judges  whose  capacity,  erudition  and  im- 
partiality will  be  unquestioned ;  and  there  is  the  inability  of  the 
tribunal  to  enforce  its  decisions,  and  the  general  lack  of  interest 
in  their  enforcement,  on  the  part  of  the  nations  having  power  to 
give  them  effect.  It  is  plain  that  the  ability  of  the  whole  plan  to 
stand  and  survive  depends  on  its  success  in  overcoming  these 
practical  difficulties — there  is  nothing  else,  unless  we  except  orig- 
inal sin,  formidable  enough  for  it  to  fear.  To  my  own  mind,  though 
I  am  far  from  underrating  either  of  the  difficulties  I  have  named, 
the  more  important  one  for  us  to  set  ourselves  to  surmount  is  the 
first.  I  believe  that  after  some  success  has  been  reached  in  cre- 
ating a  tribunal  which  shall  be  known  and  held  in  respect  the 
world  over,  which  shall  be  in  its  very  name  a  synonym  for  incor- 
ruptibility and  inopartiality,  and  mastery  of  the  ground  principles 
of  the  law  of  nations,  we  need  trouble  ourselves  comparatively 
little  about  giving  it  power  or  seeking  the  power  elsewhere, 
to  enforce  its  findings.  The  nations  of  the  earth  will  soon  begin 
to  take  a  pride  in  this  arbitration  tribunal  of  their  creation — a 
whisper  from  it  will  be  heard  farther  than  even  the  roaring  of  the 
"  brazen  throat  of  war,"  and  attention  will  be  paid  it  because  it 
will  be  endowed  with  the  moral  qualities  that  command  attention. 
Let  me  give  two  examples  in  support  of  this  opinion.  First, 
the  Papal  See  has  to-day  more  influence  over  mankind  than  it 
had  before  it  was  shorn  of  its  temporal  power.  For  the  last 
Pope  was,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  present  Pope  is, 
a  man  of  character — a  man  who  can  command  the  unquestioning 
reverence  of  his  adherents,  and  the  sincere  respect  of  others — 
whose  every  word  is  therefore  sure  of  an  obedience  from  those, 
and  an  attention  from  these,  which  would  not  be  paid  to  his  office 
alone.  Nor,  for  that  matter,  has  the  influence  of  the  Papacy  ever 
been  limited  to  the  amount  of  material  force  it  could  bring  to 
bear.  For  good  or  ill,  that  influence  has  been  almost  exclusively 
moral ;  and,  without  saying  that  any  other  institution  could  ever 
exert  an  influence  of  just  the  same  kind,  we  are  fully  warranted 


REMARKS    BY    MK.    FAKQUHAR.  51 

in  looking  to  the  history  of  the  P;ipacy  for  light  as  to  what  could 
be  expected  of  another  institution,  resting  like  it  on  a  moral  sup- 
port. 

The  second  example  is  furnished  by  our  Federal  Supreme 
Court.  This  tribunal  certainly  experienced  its  "  day  of  small 
things,"  when  its  first  Chief  Justice  deserted  it  in  order  to  run 
for  governor  of  his  State,  and  afterwards  when  a  President  dared 
to  taunt  it  with  its  impotence — "  Well,  John  Marshall  has  made 
his  decision;  now  let  us  see  him  enforce  it!"  The  Supreme 
Court  has  no  more  power  to  give  effect  to  its  decisions  now  than  it 
had  in  those  earlier  years  ;  but  no  one  ever  asks  any  such  question 
in  our  day.  Let  this  great  Court  render  a  decision  on  any  point, 
though  after  a  long  debate  and  by  a  majority  of  one  vote,  and  that 
decision  is  obeyed  throughout  the  country,  by  Presidents,  by 
Congressional  majorities,  by  State  authorities,  and  by  citizens. 
The  reason  is  that  our  judiciary  is  something  that  all  agree  to 
respect,  and  all  so  agree  because  it  has  proved  itself  worthy 
of  respect.  Any  other  institution  that  proves  itself  equally  worthy 
will  earn  the  same  respect,  and  wield  the  same  moral  power. 

In  some  waj^s,  the  outcome  of  The  Hague  Conference  is  pre- 
cisely on  the  lines  sketched  above,  its  great  achievement  being 
the  formation  of  an  international  arbitration  tribunal  whose 
members,  appointed  by  the  participating  powers,  but  on  duty 
only  when  specially  called,  are  for  the  most  part  men  with  whose 
ability  and  representative  character  their  fellow-countrymen  and 
the  civilized  world  may  rightly  be  satisfied.  What  appears  more 
than  anything  else  to  be  needed,  in  order  that  this  tribunal  may 
hold  the  position  it  ought  to  hold,  is  to  give  it  more  to  do.  Only 
by  actual  work  can  it  prove  its  capacity  for  work;  only  by  show- 
ing its  skill  and  impartiality  on  cases  brought  before  it  can  it 
become  known  throughout  the  world  for  skill  and  impartiality. 
The  scope  of  such  a  tribunal  is  well-nigh  unlimited,  for  it  would 
have  not  only  to  apply  principles  of  international  law  already 
accepted,  but  to  extend  those  principles  to  cases  not  hitherto 
contemplated.  What  the  cause  of  international  arbitration  needs 
just  now,  more  than  anything  else,  is  another  John  Marshall  on 
its  supreme  tribunal ;  a  man  ready  to  advance  as  far  as  possible 
the  authority  and  dignity  of  his  high  court,  to  make  new  applications 
of  old  principles,  and  to  recognize  the  elasticity  of  precedents. 


52  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Such  a  personality  would  surely  leave  the  standing  of  an  inter- 
national arbitration  tribunal  as  different  from  what  he  found  it 
as  our  Marshall  left  our  Supreme  Court. 

Turning  to  that  beautiful  passage  in  Isaiah  and  Micah,  which 
reads : 

"  Out  of  Zion  shall  go  forth  the  law,  and  the  word  of  Jehovah 
from  Jerusalem  ;  and  he  will  judge  between  many  peoples,  and 
will  decide  concerning  strong  nations  afar  off :  and  they  shall 
beat  their  swords  into  plowshares,  and  their  spears  into  pruning- 
hooks ;  nation  shall  not  lift  up  sword  against  nation,  neither 
shall  they  learn  war  any  more.  But  they  shall  sit  every  man 
under  his  vine  and  under  his  fig  tree  ;  and  none  shall  make  them 
afraid :  for  the  mouth  of  Jehovah  of  hosts  hath  spoken  it." 

This  is  sweet  and  majestic  poetry,  to  be  sure,  but  it  is  more — 
a  practical  indication  of  what  is  possible  and  may  be  made  actual. 
A  generation  ago,  in  our  own  childhood  even,  which  would  have 
seemed  more  preventable — wars  which  come  of  our  own  wills  and 
lusts,  or  those  awful  visitations  whose  very  name  of  "  plague  " 
pronounced  them  a  direct  fiat  and  stroke  from  the  Almighty  ? 
Yet  now  it  is  well  known  that  no  country  need  have  cholera  or 
yellow  fever  that  cares  to  keep  them  out.  Shall  we  see  such 
marvelous  advances  iu  bacteriology  and  none  in  morals  ?  Surely 
not ;  we  have  but  to  choose,  and  we  can  bring  this  glorious  proph- 
ecy to  pass  now.  It  is  not  applied  to  "  the  latter  days  "  because 
unsuitable  for  these  days,  but  because  that  will  then  be  a  certainty 
which  is  now  but  a  possibility.  It  is  not  to  be  tossed  aside  as 
relating  only  to  a  Jerusalem  of  remote  futurity,  and  without 
bearing  on  America  and  Europe  in  1904.  It  is  not  only  beauty 
but  duty  ;  let  us  also  make  it  fact.     (Applause.) 

The  Peesident.  Both  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the 
Board  of  Trade  of  New  York  have  sent  delegates  to  this  Con- 
ference. The  Chamber  is  represented  by  a  delegation  of  which 
Hon.  George  F.  Seward  is  Chairman,  and  we  shall  be  glad  to 
hear  from  him. 

Mr.  George  F.  Seward.  Mr.  President,  the  delegation  from  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New  York  comes  here  without  instruc- 
tions. A  simple  resolution  was  passed  by  the  Chamber  at  its  last 
meeting  under  which  a  committee  was  named  by  the  president. 
Perhaps  the  fact  that  no  instruct joji  was  given  to  the  delegation 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    SEWARD.  53 

is  the  most  significant  thing  that  could  have  been  done.  It  im- 
plies that  the  Chamber  believes  in  international  arbitration,  and 
that  it  is  willing  to  give  its  representatives  full  authority  to  ex- 
press that  fact  in  their  own  way. 

International  arbitration  may  be  supposed  to  be  a  particularly 
valuable  thing  for  the  greatest  commercial  community  of  the 
country.  New  York  has  interests  of  the  very  broadest  kind,  and 
naturally  wishes  that  whatever  can  be  done  shall  be  done  in  order 
to  avoid  wasteful  conflict.  That  goes  absolutely  without  any  need 
of  saying  it.  But  our  community  stands  for  something  else  be- 
sides self-interest.  I  think  every  man  in  that  community  will 
appreciate  Mr.  Gompers'  statement  that  the  men  who  go  into 
military  service  come  from  the  ranks  of  the  wage-earners.  They, 
not  we,  they  and  their  wives  and  children,  are  the  ones  to  suffer. 
It  is  on  the  side  of  humanity  as  well  as  on  the  side  of  self-inter- 
est that  we  must  wish  well  for  all  movements  looking  to  interna- 
tional arbitration  as  a  means  whereby  to  avoid  war.  New  York 
has  demonstrated  over  and  over  again  its  warm  sympathy  with 
suffering,  whether  it  be  in  China,  in  Texas,  or  wherever  else  it 
may  be.  The  spirit  that  moves  for  the  relief  of  suffering  is  a 
spirit  that  must  stand  against  the  inhumanity  of  unnecessary  war. 

But  beyond  this,  there  is  something  that  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce of  New  York  stands  for  always.  When  the  Venezuelan 
incident  occurred,  a  most  notable  contribution  to  the  discussion 
of  that  question  was  made  in  the  Chamber.  The  chief  note  of  that 
discussion  was  this  :  We  desire  peace,  we  hope  that  war  will  not 
come  out  of  this  difficulty,  but  it  must  be  peace  with  honor. 

So  we  of  the  mercantile  community  in  New  York  stand  for 
whatever  makes  for  the  interest  of  humanity,  but  always  with  first 
reference  to  the  national  honor.     (Applause.) 

Mr.  President,  there  has  been  for  some  time  past  before  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New  York,  a  proposition  to  create  a 
standing  committee  of  arbitration.  That  may  or  may  not  be  done. 
But  whether  it  shall  be  done  or  not.  New  York  will  be  true  to 
whatever  makes  for  peace,  whatever  makes  for  humanity,  pro- 
vided always  that  these  things  consist  with  the  national  honor. 
(Applause.) 

The  President.  I  now  have  the  pleasure  to  introduce  Hon. 
Thomas  J.  O'Brien,  of  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan. 


54  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Mr.  O'Brien.  Mr.  President,  I  have  been  greatly  interested  in 
the  wisdom  and  good  sense  of  this  Committee  in  all  it  has  under- 
taken in  the  past  and  what  it  has  undertaken  now. 

This  has  been  outlined  by  the  Chairman  and  by  Mr. 
Rives,  showing  that  the  organization  has  been  active,  when  activ- 
ity was  wise;  that  it  delayed  when  it  would  be  unsuitable  to  pro- 
ceed, and  that  no  time  has  been  wasted  when  the  proper 
period  arrived. 

It  goes  without  saying  that  arbitration  is  desirable.  Some- 
body has  said  here  that  we  can  afford  to  press  the  subject.  It 
seems  to  me  that  we  cannot  afford  to  do  otherwise.  The 
wars  of  the  past  have  been  largely  the  outgrowth  of  pride,  greed 
and  avarice.  These  passions  no  longer  appeal  to  us  in  the  same 
way,  and  we  all  know  that  arbitration  will,  from  this  on,  be 
the  part  of  wisdom  and  of  mercy.  Indeed  it  is  a  reflection  upon 
Christian  civilization  that  the  growth  of  this  method  of 
settlement  should  have  been  so  slow.  The  difficulty  has  been 
in  the  past,  that  nations  have  been  governed  by  a  single 
will.  What  we  call  citizens  were  mere  creatures  of  the  Sover- 
eign, who  might  be  sent  into  battle  at  the  sweet  will  of  the 
Monarch. 

Mr.  Gompers  has  well  said  here,  this  morning,  that  the 
laboring  people  are  the  ones  who  mostly  make  up  our  armies,  and 
I  need  not  point  out  that  most  of  the  suffering  and  distress,  with 
the  loss  of  life  and  limb,  that  results  from  war,  may  be  found  in 
that  class.  An  examination  of  our  pension  rolls  is  a  sufficient 
object  lesson,  if  proof  were  needed. 

The  adoption  of  arbitration  is  growing  in  this  country.  A  few 
years  ago  transportation  companies  decided  their  difficulties 
through  wars  of  rates.  In  a  financial  way,  the  result  could 
be  likened  to  wars  among  nations.  In  time,  the  pride  and  the 
temper  of  managers  yielded  to  common  sense.  Now  nearly 
all  contracts  of  importance  between  railroad  companies  and 
others  contain  arbitration  clauses.  The  pride  of  position  and 
of  power  incident  to  humankind,  has,  in  late  years,  been  made 
prominent  through  conflicts  between  capital  and  labor,  but 
we  notice  that  disputes  and  differences  are  now,  for  the  most 
part,  being  adjusted  through  friendly  arbitration,  and  that  employ- 
ers have  been  obliged  to  yield  what  had  been  understood  to 
be  well  established  rights. 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    RANDALL.  55 

Of  course  Great  Britain  stands  ready  to  join  in  a  suitable 
arbitration  treaty.  She  has  shown  this  by  past  negotiations. 
This  country  stands  ready  also,  I  am  sure,  because  we  can  point 
to  a  greater  number  of  settlements  by  this  method,  during 
tlie  past  one  hundred  years,  than  can  any  other  nation. 

It  therefore  depends  upon  our  administration  to  negotiate  and 
guide  on  its  way  a  successful  treaty,  and  it  will  depend  upon  the 
influence  growing  out  of  this  Conference  to  see  to  it  that, 
when  negotiated,  it  shall  be  ratified  by  the  Senate. 

The  Peesident.  I  should  be  glad  to  hear,  and  1  have  no  doubt 
the  Conference  will  also,  from  members  who  have  not  spoken 
yet.  In  other  words,  while  we  are  waiting  for  the  Committee  on 
Resolutions  to  report,  which  I  am  told  will  be  in  a  very  short 
time,  volunteer  speeches  are  in  order. 

Mr.  W.  R.  TupPER.  Mr.  President,  I  should  like  to  suggest 
that  we  hear  from  Mr.  Randall,  President  of  the  National  Board 
of  Trade,  a  representative  body  of  this  country,  comprising  many 
of  its  constituencies,  a  great  organization  for  trade  and  commerce 
throughout  the  United  States.  I  feel  certain  that  he  will  tell  you 
that  the  National  Board  of  Trade  stands  in  hearty  sympathy 
with  this  movement.  I  call  upon  Mr.  Blanchard  Randall,  of 
Baltimore,  President  of  the  National  Board  of  Trade. 

The  President.  That  is  an  excellent  suggestion. 

Mr.  Blanchard  Randall.  Mr.  President,  I  have  nothing  to  add 
to  what  has  been  said.  I  can  certainly  add  no  word  to  what  I 
have  heard  in  the  last  hour.  I  feel  sure  that  every  member  of 
the  National  Board — and  there  are  a  dozen  members  of  it  in  this 
hall — will  be  with  me  in  urging  upon  all  Americans  the  advisa- 
bility of  carrying  out  the  program  which  we  expect  to  get  from 
the  Committee  on  Resolutions  within  the  next  Jew  minutes.  The 
National  Board  meets  in  this  hall  one  week  from  to-day,  and  it 
is  my  purpose  and  pleasure  that  the  resolutions  which  this  able 
body  will  adopt  here  to-day  shall  be  presented  to  that  meeting. 
I  am  sure  that  representing  as  we  do  fifty  or  sixty  of  the  great 
commercial  organizations  of  this  country,  and  perhaps  35,000 
business  firms  of  this  country,  that  a  certain  amount  of  force,  a 
certain  amount  of  knowledge  of  the  subject  certainly,  will  be 
brought  prominently  before  the  business  community  of  the 
United  States.     (Applause.) 


5Q  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Mr.  Samuel  B.  Capen.  Mr.  President,  I  understood  the  gentle- 
man who  spoke  for  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New  York  to 
say  that  they  might  establish  a  permanent  committee  of  arbitra- 
tion. I  am  happy  to  say  that  the  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce 
have  already  chosen  a  permanent  committee  of  arbitration,  and 
the  chairman  of  that  committee  is  here  to-day  in  the  presence 
of  Mr.  Cobb.     Perhaps  you  will  give  him  a  minute. 

The  President.  We  will  do  so  with  pleasure. 

Mr.  Henry  E.  Cobb.  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen,  I  can 
hardly  add  anything  to  the  interest  of  this  occasion,  except  to 
assure  you  that  Boston,  the  center  of  intelligence,  as  we  some- 
times think,  at  any  rate  the  headquarters  of  all  the  cranks  of  the 
country,  has  long  been  awake  to  this  idea,  and  has  been  care- 
fully working  to  the  best  of  its  ability  towards  the  attainment  of 
the  result  for  which  this  Conference  is  called.  The  conscience 
of  the  country  has  been  awakened  for  a  long  time.  It  seems  to 
me  that  the  self-interest  of  the  country  is  the  best  thing  to  which 
we  can  appeal  to-day,  and  that  is  the  plan  which  is  being  carried 
out  in  having  the  commercial  interests  of  this  country  wake  up  to 
the  fact  that  they  are  deeply  interested  in  this  matter,  which  has 
not  only  conscience  but  self-interest  in  it.  We  are  endeavoring, 
in  Boston  and  in  Massachusetts,  to  wake  up  our  people  to  just 
this  thing,  to  a  realizing  sense  of  the  wastefulness  and  the  fool- 
ishness of  war,  and  to  a  realizing  sense  of  the  power  there  is  in 
capital  and  in  commercial  interests  to  bring  about  the  results 
which  are  for  their  benefit.  The  members  of  the  Senate  as  well 
as  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  have 
their  ears  to  the  ground,  no  matter  how  exalted  the  plane  upon 
which  they  may  profess  to  stand,  and  when  the  merchants  and 
financiers  of  the  United  States  say  to  their  representatives  and 
their  Senators,  *'  We  want  to  avoid  war  and  we  insist  that  every 
means  be  applied  to  maintain  the  peace  of  the  nation,"  I  think 
there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  having  treaties  of  arbitration  passed 
through  our  influence. 

Hon.  Lynde  Harrison.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  wish  to  say  a  word 
concerning  the  feeling  in  the  State  of  Connecticut.  In  Yale  Uni- 
versity and  among  the  professional  and  business  men  of  my  State 
there  is  deep  sympathy  with  the  movement.  We  have  had  pub- 
lic meetings  at  New  Haven  in  the  last  two  weeks,  in  a  house 


REMARKS    BY    JUDGE    HARRISON.  57 

built  Upon  the  spot  where  Koger  Sherman  did  his  work  and  lived 
and  died.  Our  people  have  the  spirit  of  Eoger  Sherman  in  them 
in  relation  to  this  movement.  They  know  that  Ellsworth  and 
Sherman  and  their  associates  in  the  great  Federal  Convention  of 
1787  gave  us  the  great  national  arbitration  tribunal  of  this 
country — the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  At  these 
meetings  which  have  been  held  in  New  Haven  we  have  had  rep- 
resentative manufacturers  and  workingmen  ;  not  great  leaders 
like  Mr.  Carnegie,  but  workingmen  themselves.  I  asked  two  of 
the  workingmen  what  they  thought  about  this  subject,  and  if 
they  had  read  the  discussions  of  it  in  the  newspapers,  and  one  of 
them  said,  "  The  workingmen  of  this  country  are  more  strongly 
in  favor  of  peace  than  are  the  men  of  property  and  the  capital- 
ists and  the  employers,  because  the  workingmen  know  that 
when  the  country  is  at  war  there  is  less  work  for  them  to  do  and 
they  must  wait  and  suffer.  And  more  than  that,  they  know  that 
they  are  the  class  which  make  food  for  the  bullets.  The  men  of 
capital  do  not  go  and  do  the  fighting."  He  also  said,  '*'  You  may 
feel  sure  that  when  the  time  comes  that  there  is  a  public  move- 
ment on  this  subject,  you  will  find  that  the  workingmen  of  the 
country  will  stand  by  the  leaders  and  the  administration,  and  the 
party  who  put  through  an  international  arbitration  treaty." 

And,  Mr.  Chairman,  the  President  of  Yale  University,  the 
leading  professors  and  the  loading  college  men  there,  take  a  deep 
interest  in  this  subject  and  hope  for  its  early  practical  success. 
Many  of  them  are  looking  forward  to  that  time  prophesied  by 
that  great  New  Englander,  John  Fisk,  in  his  "  Critical  Period  of 
American  History,"  referring  to  the  establishment  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  when  he  said  it  was  the  beginning  of 
a  movement  which  in  some  future  grander  convention  will  pro- 
vide a  similar  tribunal  between  wholly  sovereign  states,  so  that 
peace  may  reign  forever  and  war  be  a  thing  forgotten.  1  believe 
this  movement  here  will  bring  about  such  a  result  before  this 
century  has  closed,  by  the  establishment  of  a  Supreme  Court  for 
the  civilized  nations  of  the  world. 

The  President.  I  desire  to  say  that  in  no  part  of  the  country 
has  a  more  hearty  response  been  made  to  our  appeal  for  this  Con- 
ference than  in  the  State  of  Connecticut  and  the  city  of  New 
Haven,  and  I  am  very  glad  that  Judge  Harrison  has  spoken  to  us 


58  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCI?. 

this  morDiDg.  Mr.  Gompers  has  another  word  to  say,  and  we  will 
hear  from  him. 

Mr.  Gompers.  I  merely  wish  to  suggest,  Mr.  President,  that  we 
hav^  with  us  this  morning  a  gentleman  who  has  been  a  life-long 
advocate  of  arbitration.  He  was  the  representative  of  our  gov- 
ernment in  one  of  its  first  and  perhaps  one  of  the  most  important 
cases  that  was  arbitrated  before  The  Hague  Court  of  Arbitration. 
I  refer  to  Mr.  Jackson  H.  Ralston,  from  whom  you  can  profitably 
hear  for  a  few  minutes. 

The  PiiESiDENT.  I  have  no  doubt  the  Conference  will  be  glad  to 
see  as  well  as  to  hear  from  a  gentleman  who  has  stood  before 
The  Hague  Tribunal.     (Applause.) 

Mr.  Jackson  H.  Ralston.  Mr.  Gompers  has  been  kind  enough 
to  refer  to  the  fact  that  I  happened  to  be  sent  before  The  Hague 
Tribunal  as  American  agent  in  the  first  case  presented.  As  to 
the  merits  or  demerits  of  the  case  it  is  unnecessary  to  speak. 
We  can,  however,  take  an  inward  satisfaction  in  certain  things. 
One  is  that  it  was  by  the  action  of  the  United  States,  together 
with  Mexico,  that  The  Hague  Tribunal  was  opened  in  the  month 
of  September,  1U02.  We  may  take  a  national  pride  also  in  the 
fact  that  the  contentions  of  the  United  States  were  successful. 
We  may  also  be  pleased  that  the  greatest  and  most  important 
principle  established  at  that  time  by  that  court  was  one  affirming 
the  absolute  sanctity  en  all  future  occasions  of  a  decision  once 
reached  by  an  international  tribunal.  (Applause.)  I  count  it  a 
matter  of  good  fortune  that  that  principle  received  the  sanction 
of  what  is  now  and  must  in  the  future  be  more  decidedly  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  world. 

We  are  glad,  I  am  sure,  to  know  that  two  of  the  American 
members  of  the  court  of  The  Hague  are  present  here  to-day, 
Hon.  Mr.  Straus  and  JVlr.  Justice  Gray.  I  do  not  happen  to  no- 
tice the  presence  of  the  remaining  members. 

I  come  here  with  no  special  message,  and  find  myself  most 
unexpectedly  on  my  feet ;  but  there  is  one  thought  which  I 
desire  to  present  to  this  tribunal  and  which,  I  hope,  maybe 
emphasized  by  its  action  and  by  the  action  of  every  subsequent 
convention  dealing  with  this  particular  subject.  That  is,  what 
is  in  an  international  sense  the  meaning  of  the  word  honor.  We 
are   told  sometimes  that  questions    of   honor    and    of   national 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    RALSTON.  59 

interests  ought  not  to  be  sent  to  arbitration.  But  what  is  honor? 
The  thing  which  was  called  honor  ten  years  ago  is  not  called 
honor  to-day.  The  thing  which  is  called  honor  to-day  may  be 
regarded  twenty  years  from  now  as  an  indifferent  thing.  Hqnor 
is  a  word  of  fluctuating  meaning.  We  know  this  when  we  come 
to  apply  the  word  in  our  private  transactions.  A  hundred  years 
ago  men  fought  duels  because  honor  compelled  it.  Does  honor 
compel  it  to-day?  No;  mistaken  notions  of  national  honor 
have  brought  about  fierce  wars  in  the  past.  What  we  have  to 
do  is  to  build  up  a  true  sense  of  national  honor.  The  only  thing 
which  constitutes  national  dishonor  is  the  thing  which  involves 
national  degradation,  and  if  the  trae  sense  of  honor  be  involved 
in  a  controversy,  we  who  are  parties  to  such  a  controversy  ought 
not  to  be  ashamed  to  submit  the  question  of  honor  to  that  sort 
of  a  tribunal.     (Applause.) 

I  hope  that  there  will  be  increasing  calls  upon  The  Hague 
Tribunal  for  the  adjustment  of  international  controversies,  and  I 
feel  sure,  Mr.  President,  that  with  those  increasing  calls  will 
come  a  true  enlightenment,  will  come  a  true  waking  up  to  the  fact 
that  things  which  have  been  mistakenly  classed  as  questions  of 
honor  in  the  past  are  merely  matters  of  interest,  matters  of 
adjustment,  matters  for  conciliation  or,  using  what  1  think  is  a 
better  term,  are  matters  of  arbitration.  And  before  taking  my 
seat  I  want  to  call  your  attention  to  this  one  thing  which  occurs 
to  me  is  a  good  work  that  this  Convention  can  do  to-day,  to  direct 
attention  to  the  point  that  while  there  is  a  war  impending  between 
Kussia  and  Japan,  if  we  may  believe  the  newspaper  reports,  it 
is  the  duty  of  both  those  nations  to  see  if  an  adjustment  of  their 
difficulties  cannot  be  had  by  reference  to  The  Hague  Tribunal. 
(Applause.)  Why  should  it  not  be  so  upon  such  questions  as  are 
now  dividing  them  ?  There  is  nothing  in  The  Hague  Peace  Con- 
vention precluding  the  reference  to  that  tribunal  of  such  a  con- 
troversy. Is  it  not  the  duty  of  the  United  States  pre-eminently, 
if  you  will,  before  any  other  nation  on  the  face  of  the  earth, 
under  the  very  terms  of  the  treaty  of  arbitration,  to  invite  the 
attention  of  those  now  bellicose  nations  to  the  fact  that  by  the 
terms  of  that  treaty  they  should  seek  mediation  and  conciliation, 
and  that  the  United  States  offers  itself  to  help  them  on  that 
course  ?     And,  furthermore,  by  the  further  terms  of  that  conven- 


60  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

tioD,  is  it  not  the  duty  of  the  United  States  to  call  their  attention 
to  the  fact  that  The  Hague  Court  of  Arbitration  is  at  all  times 
open  for  the  adjustment  of  their  difficulties?  And  when  the 
Committee  on  Kesolutions  reports,  I  cannot  anticipate  what  their 
report  will  be,  but  I  want  to  express  the  hope  now  that  there  will 
be  found  among  the  resolutions  one  urging  the  President  of  the 
United  States  to  tender  the  good  otiices  of  the  United  States  to 
the  two  nations  referred  to.     (Applause.) 

The  President.  In  looking  over  the  audience  I  see  a  gentleman, 
who  properly  bears  the  title  of  Nestor  of  the  press,  and  who  has 
had  much  to  do  in  influencing  public  opinion  in  the  past.  I 
believe  he  claims  to  have  retired  from  active  duty,  but  probably 
he  would  take  up  his  pen  again  in  this  cause.  At  any  rate  we 
should  like  to  hear  Horace  White  for  a  few  minutes. 

Mr.  Horace  White.  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen,  it  is 
approaching  the  lunch  hour,  and  we  have  already  been  notified 
that  the  speakers  are  expected  not  to  use  more  than  three  to  five 
minutes.  I  certainly  shall  not  overstay  that  time.  In  company 
with  the  late  Wm.  E.  Dodge,  Mr.  Oscar  Straus,  Dr.  Chamber- 
lain and  Mr.  Rives,  I  happened  to  be  one  of  the  committee 
which  took  the  steps  leading  up  to  the  great  arbitration  con- 
ference held  in  1896,  of  which  ex-Senator  Edmunds  was 
chairman,  which  conference  led  up  to  the  arbitration  treaty 
of  1897  that  failed  of  ratification  by  the  Senate.  All  I  wish 
to  say  now  is  that  I  am  gratified  that  such  a  representative  con- 
ference as  the  one  I  see  before  me  has  been  brought  to- 
gether without  an  immediate  exciting  cause  like  the  one  which  we 
had  in  1896,  following  Mr.  Cleveland's  Venezuela  message.  At 
that  time  the  hot  breath  of  war  swept  over  this  country  in  what  was 
to  me  an  appalling  manner,  and  I  thought  at  that  time  that  every 
lover  of  his  country  and  every  lover  of  peace  was  bound  to  do 
all  in  his  power  to  avert  the  calamity  which  then  came  so  near 
us.  That  was  the  immediate  cause,  as  I  said,  of  the  arbitration 
conference  in  1896,  which  was  held  here  in  Washington  City. 
Now  we  find  a  sentiment  in  the  country  which  brings  together 
another  conference  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  without 
any  immediate  exciting  cause,  and  that,  I  think,  is  an  indica- 
tion of  national  progress  which  must  be  exceedingly  gratifying  to 
all  of  us.     (Applause.) 


RPJMARKS    BY    DR.    GATP]S.  61 

Dr.  Merrill  E.Gates.  Mr.  President,  objections  have  been  made 
to  international  arbitration  and  to  the  court  at  The  Hague, 
because  it  is  alleged  that  arbitration  breaks  down  national 
spirit,  weakens  patriotism,  and  will,  therefore,  subtract  strength 
from  the  national  character  of  a  State.  I  believe  this  to  be  one 
of  the  greatest  possible  errors.  The  truth  I  should  like  to  bring 
out,  if  I  may  hope  to  do  so  in  an  address  of  three  minutes, 
is  this :  As  obedience  to  the  moral  law  by  the  individual 
strengthens  personality  and  builds  up  character,  precisely  so 
an  intelligent  regard  for  principles  of  ethics  hy  a  nation,  and 
obedience  to  international  law  through  the  methods  of  peaceful 
arbitration  which  are  embodied  in  the  establishment  of  The 
Hague  tribunal  and  the  enlargement  of  its  functions,  does 
strengthen,  must  strengthen  all  that  is  finest  and  best  in 
true  national  spirit.  Precisely  as  God  in  His  dealings  with  the 
individual  strengthens  manhood  by  leading  a  man  to  guide  him- 
self in  accordance  with  a  fixed  standard  of  righteousness,  just  so 
in  his  dealings  with  nations,  it  is  by  national  regard  for  princi- 
ples of  righteousness,  and  through  a  national  habit  of  regardiug 
the  rights  of  other  nations  that  God  builds  up  in  a  national 
state  the  strongest  character — the  only  strength  that  can  perpet- 
uate the  life  of  a  great  nation.  Nothing  is  finer  in  the  history  of 
the  progress  of  the  race  than  is  this  development  of  a  high  type 
of  national  character  in  these  great  national  states  which 
have  developed  so  marvelously  within  the  last  half  century. 
They  have  come  into  being  as  tlie  result  of  that  growth  in 
tke  self -consciousness  of  nations,  which  is  the  mark  of  ijersonal- 
ity ;  and  among  nations,  as  with  individuals,  personality  is 
constantly  corrected  and  strengthened  by  regard  for  the  princi- 
ples of  righteousness.^ 

Nothing  gives  us  more  hope  for  the  future  of  our  race  than 
does  the  recognition  of  the  fact  that  nations  like  individuals  are 
responsible  to  the  principles  of  morality,  and  are  under  obliga- 
tion to  respect  each  other's  personality  and  each  other's  rights. 
This  is  the  basis  of  all  international  law.  Every  state,  whatever 
its  wealth  and  population,  in  the  light  of  international  law  is  re- 
garded as  a  national  personality  ;  and  all  nations  are  aiual  in 
certain  fundamental  rights  before  the  tribunal  of  international 
law. 


62  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

As  men,  we  are  sometimes  called  upon  to  do  manly  work  in 
opposing  and  overcoming  the  forces  of  I^ature.  But  when  in 
doing  an  appointed  piece  of  work  we  find  ourselves  in  line  with 
one  of  the  mighty  forces  of  Nature^  we  may  rejoice  in  that  fact, 
we  may  rely  upon  the  tendency,  the  mighty  movement  along  the 
line  in  which  we  move,  which  is  due  to  the  great  force  which  is 
working  with  us.  In  favoring  international  arbitration,  we  need 
not  hesitate  to  rely  upon  those  ideal  principles  of  justice  which 
are  embedded  in  the  very  constitution  of  sound  national  life,  as 
they  are  in  the  constitution  of  the  human  mind.  In  this  kind  of 
commerce  among  the  nations,  we  need  not  fear  to  rise  to  the 
serene  height  to  which  Emerson  refers  wlien  he  declares  that 
above  the  clouds  of  self-interest,  "  the  eternal  trade-winds  of  God 
blow  steadily  and  always  in  one  direction."  It  is  tliis  great  truth 
which  gives  us  assured  confidence  that  the  movement  toward 
peaceful  international  arbitration  is  destined  to  succeed.  This 
movement  must  grow  in  power  as  the  intelligence  and  the  morality 
of  the  world  become  higher.  The  hope  of  this  reform  lies  in  the 
fact  that  it  must  advance  as  steadily  as  clear  ideas  and  right 
principles  prevail  among  men.  Just  as  certainly  as  England  and 
America  are  committed  to  popular  government  and  to  popular 
education,  just  so  certainly  must  they  move  toward  peaceful  arbi- 
tration and  obedience  to  the  principles  of  international  law.  In 
advocating  this  movement  we  are  conscious  of  getting  in  line 
with  the  mightiest  forces  which  move  man  upward  and  onward. 
For  the  power  of  thought  and  ideas  to  influence,  sway  and  control 
action,  is  the  dynamic  of  the  rational  universe!  We  may  safely 
depend  upon  it ! 

Because  men  are  reasonable,  and  are  not  "mere  "  fighting  ani- 
mals," international  arbitration  must  prevail!  And  in  this  move- 
ment the  two  great  nations  of  the  English-speaking  world,  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  should  at  once  lead  the  way ;  not 
only  because  the  men  of  these  two  nations  have  in  common  the 
rich  inheritance  of  the  common  law  and  generations  of  training 
in  self-government,  but  also  because  it  is  the  inborn  instinct  of 
this  Anglo-Saxon  stock  to  love  liberty,  not  as  a  mere  sounding 
phrase  for  revolutionary  movements,  but  as  a  mighty  force 
worked  out  in  institutions  and  embodied  in  well  recognized  per- 
sonal and  7iational  rights  ! 


REMARKS    BY    JUDGE    GRAY.  DO 

Therefore  1  believe — we  all  believe — that  the  men  and  women 
whose  great-great-grandfathers  loved  that  flag  of  Great  Britain, 
the  men  who  with  their  fathers  and  their  sons  love  that  sister 
flag  which  hangs  beside  it — the  flag  of  our  own  country  ;  the 
men,  Englishmen  and  Americans,  who  have  loved  these  two  flags 
when  they  were  shot  through  with  bullets  and  drenched  red  in 
blood,  may  in  the  light  of  this  new  century  know  a  still  higher 
pride  and  a  still  truer  patriotism  in  loving  those  two  flags,  when, 
as  here  above  the  platform  and  at  The  Hague  Tribunal,  they  are 
together  draped  on  that  white  background  which  suggests  the 
ermine  of  judicial  purity  and  righteousness  in  international  rela- 
tions, and  is  the  emblem  at  once  of  God's  justice  and  of  Christ's 
own  Reign  of  Peace ! 

The  President.  The  Committee  on  Resolutions  are  now  ready 
to  report  through  the  chairman  of  the  committee.  Judge  George 
Gray,  of  Delaware. 

Judge  Gray.  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen  of  the  Conference,  I 
trust  that  the  time  your  committee  has  spent  in  preparing  what  I 
have  in  my  hand  to  be  submitted  to  you  has  not  been  spent  in 
vain.  We  have  very  carefully  considered  the  matter  which  we 
had  in  charge,  the  reporting  of  resolutions  to  submit  to  this  Con- 
ference for  their  judgment  in  regard  to  this  important  matter  of 
an  arbitration  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 
We  realize  that  no  conference  and  no  set  of  men  can  control  this 
matter,  but  we  can  launch,  and  we  can  do  more  than  launch,  this 
subject  upon  the  sea  of  public  debate  and  discussion  which,  after 
all,  in  this  country  of  ours  is  becoming  more  and  more  important 
and  decisive  in  bringing  us  to  correct  and  safe  judgment.  I  think 
that  we  see  hopeful  signs  of  the  beneficent  power  not  only  of 
public  opinion  in  our  own  country  but  in  other  civilized  countries, 
and  we  begin  to  see  the  development  of  an  international  public 
opinion,  that  is  to  assert  itself  in  the  future  in  blessings  to  man- 
kind and  for  the  advancement  of  the  civilization  which  it  is  our 
privilege  to  possess.     (Applause.) 

The  committee  instruct  me  to  report  the  following  preamble 
and  resolutions : 

Whereas  by  a  concurrent  resolution  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  adopted  in  1890,  the  President  was  requested  to 
invite  negotiations  with  other  governments  to  the  end  that  any 


64  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

differeDces  which  could  not  be  adjusted  by  diplomacy  might  be 
referred  to  arbitration  and  peacefully  adjusted  by  such  means ; 
and  the  British  House  of  Commons  in  1893,  adopted  a  resolution 
expressing  cordial  sympathy  with  this  purpose,  as  well  as  the 
hope  that  the  British  government  would  lend  its  ready  co-opera- 
tion to  the  government  of  the  United  States  to  the  end  that  the 
resolution  of  Congress  might  be  made  effective ;  and 

Whereas  since  that  time  as  a  result  of  an  international  confer- 
ence, a  permanent  court  of  arbitration  has  been  established  at 
The  Hague,  to  which  nations  may  voluntarily  resort  for  the  peace- 
able settlement  of  their  differences  ;  and 

Whereas  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Conference  that  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  in  view  of  its  historical  position  and  of 
the  great  results  accomplished  by  means  of  arbitration,  should 
continue  to  further  and  to  support  every  movement  to  establish 
by  peaceful  means  the  reign  of  law  and  justice  among  nations  : 

Resohjcd^  That  it  is  recommended  to  our  government  to  en- 
deavor to  enter  into  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  to  submit  to  arbi- 
tration by  the  permanent  court  at  The  Hague,  or,  in  default  of 
such  submission,  by  some  tribunal  specially  constituted  for  the 
case,  all  differences  which  they  may  fail  to  adjust  by  diplomatic 
negotiations. 

Resolved^  That  the  two  governments  should  agree  not  to  resort 
in  any  case  to  hostile  measures  of  any  description  till  an  effort 
has  been  made  to  settle  any  matter  in  dispute  by  submitting  the 
same  either  to  the  permanent  court  at  The  Hague  or  to  a  commis- 
sion composed  of  an  equal  number  of  persons  from  each  country, 
of  recognized  competence  in  questions  of  international  law. 

It  is  farther  resolved^  That  our  government  should  enter  into 
treaties  to  the  same  effect,  as  soon  as  practicable,  wdth  other 
powers. 

These,  Mr.  President,  are  the  resolutions  which  your  committee 
have  unanimously  reported  for  the  consideration  of  this  Confer- 
ence, and  it  is  hardly  necessary  for  me  to  say  a  word  more  to  the 
members  of  the  Conference,  most  of  whom  are  more  familiar  with 
this  subject  than  I  am,  although  not  more  interested  and  not  hav- 
ing more  at  heart  the  accomplishment  of  the  great  end  we  all 
have  in  view.  But  it  does  seern  as  if,  to  use  the  very  apt  lan- 
guage of  our  President  this  morning,  the  fulness  of  time  had  at 


REMARKS    BY    JUDGE    GRAY.  65 

length  come,  when  this  great  step  forward  in  the  civilization  of 
the  age  should  be  taken,  could  be  taken,  and  ought  to  be  taken, 
and  that  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  are  the  two 
countries  of  all  others  that  should  be  the  example  to  the  rest  of 
the  world  in  forwarding  this  great  movement  for  the  benefit  of 
mankind.  It  needs  no  speech  or  argument  in  its  support.  The 
arguments  are  old  and  hackneyed — hackneyed  only  in  the  sense 
that  they  are  often  repeated,  because  they  often  spring  from  the 
heart  to  the  lips,  and  from  the  thought  to  the  expression,  that  we 
are  of  the  same  language,  the  same  traditions  of  government,  the 
same  traditions  of  freedom  and  constitutional  liberty,  and  that  we 
have  in  fact  the  respect  and  leadership  of  the  world  at  large,  that 
makes  our  action  in  this  movement  especially  desirable  and  one 
that  promises  most  for  the  future  in  this,  and  in  other  good  work 
which  concerns  the  advancement  and  betterment  of  world  condi- 
tions. I  am  hopeful  that  from  this  Conference  great  good  iti  this 
direction  may  flow.  I  am  not  so  sanguine  as  to  believe  that  we 
shall  accomplish  all  we  desire.  I  know  that  the  aspirations  of 
good  people  the  world  over  are  slow  of  accomplishment.  Civili- 
zation itself  is  a  matter  of  slow  advance.  The  turmoil,  the  agita- 
tion, the  public  discussion,  the  yeasty  waves  of  debate  that  ever 
precede  the  line  of  forward  advancement  will  go  on  in  the  future  as 
in  the  past ;  but  we  may  make  a  small  and  substantial  advance, 
and  with  that  we  shall  have  to  be  content,  because  all  the  past 
shows  that  we  cannot  accomplish  everything  at  once.  The  things 
that  have  come  to  stay  in  our  history  and  civilization  are  things 
of  slow  growth  ;  but  it  does  seem  to  me  that  the  skies  are  bright 
with  promise  for  the  future,  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  great 
matter  that  we  have  brought  ourselves  together  to  forward.  The 
very  fact  that  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  has  committed 
itself  to  the  general  principle  as  long  ago  as  1890,  the  fact  that 
the  British  government  in  its  representative  lesislative  body,  the 
House  of  Commons,  has  sanctioned  it,  and  that  one  treaty  has 
already  been  made,  is  full  of  promise  for  the  future.  I  know  it 
is  unfortunate  that  an  arbitration  treaty  should  have  been  framed 
and  rejected,  but  after  all  I  am  disposed  to  minimize  the  harm 
that  the  rejection  of  that  treaty  has  done.  Notwithstanding  a 
certain  phase  of  ungraciousness  that  it  had  on  the  part  of  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  and  the  feeling  of  amazement 


06  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFP^RENCB. 

that  it  created  in  the  public  mind  of  Great  Britain,  I  think  after 
that  first  feeling  was  over  it  left  behind  a  residuum  of  good  feel- 
ing and  hopefulness  for  the  future  in  both  countries,  so  that  that 
abortive  attempt  was  not  without  its  practical  benefit  for  the 
great  cause  that  we  have  at  heart.  I  think  it  has  been  one  of  the 
factors  in  bringing  about  that  entente  cordiale  which  now  exists 
between  the  two  countries,  and  after  all  that  must  underlie  all 
treaties  and  is  better  than  all  treaties  to  insure  peace  and  happi- 
ness to  the  two  countries  and  unite  them  to  co-operate  in  the 
great  cause  of  civilization  in  the  future.  There  are  some  people 
who  while  in  favor  of  a  maintenance  of  the  cordial  relations  that 
exist  between  this  country  and  Great  Britain  at  the  present  time 
honestly  believe  that  treaties  might  be  a  hindrance  rather  than  a 
help.  As  the  Irishman  and  his  wdfe  were  sitting  beside  the  fire 
after  a  little  spat,  and  had  composed  their  difiiculties,  and  were 
looking  at  th^  large  Newfoundland  dog  and  the  cat  curled  up  in 
front  of  the  fire,  Patrick  said  to  Bridget,  "Look  at  the  cat  and 
the  dog  lying  there  in  harmony.  Why  can't  we  do  as  they  do?" 
And  the  wqfe  responded,  "  Tie  them  together  and  see  how  much 
harmony  there  would  be."  (Laughter.)  So  there  are  some  peo- 
ple who  think  that  tying  the  two  countries  together  will  have  an 
effect  contrary  to  that  hoped  for.  I  do  not  think  that  is  the  gen- 
eral opinion.  I  feel  quite  sure  that  it  would  not  have  that  effect. 
I  think  that  a  great  step  forward  would  be  taken  in  the  world's 
betterment ;  and  I  say  the  world's  betterment  for,  after  all,  we 
cannot  confine  our  efforts  to  ourselves,  nor  can  nations  act  for 
themselves  alone.  Slowly  and  surely  there  is  an  altruism  forcing 
itself  upon  nations  as  upon  individuals.  We  make  treaties  for 
open  ports  for  the  world  and  not  for  ourselves,  and  to  the  great 
glory  of  this  Republic  such  a  treaty  has  been  made  avowedly  for 
the  opening  of  the  ports  of  China  to  the  world.  We  cannot 
build  Isthmian  canals  for  ourselves  alone.  We  must  build  them 
for  the  commerce  of  the  world,  and  everything  that  we  do  nation- 
ally on  this  great  theatre  of  the  world  must  be  for  the  cause  of 
humanity  and  for  civilization,  and  in  that  we  are  helping  the  hu- 
manity and  civilization  and  happiness  of  our  own  country  more 
efficiently  than  by  any  other  means. 

I  think  I  have  said  now  all  that  I  care  to  say  about  a  question 
with  the  details  of  which  I  am  not  at  all  familiar,  but  with  whose 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    STETSON.  67 

important  subject-matter  I  am  very  seriously  and  heartily  in 
sympathy.     (Applause.) 

Francis  Lynde  Stetson,  Esq.,  of  the  Committee.  Mr.  President, 
it  seems  to  me  that  my  friend,  Mr.  Paine,  gave  the  best  reason 
for  the  adoption  of  the  resolutions  when,  as  they  were  read  from 
this  platform,  he  said  down  there  on  the  floor  that  "  they  are  first 
rate."  They  are  better,  1  think,  than  when  they  were  submitted 
to  the  Committee,  because  we  have  added  nothing  to  them, 
though  we  did  elide  a  number  of  lines  and  passages.  The  two 
questions  that  were  before  us  were  first,  what  good  can  we  do 
here,  and  second,  what  is  the  best  way  of  doing  it  ?  Judge  Gray, 
with  that  devotion  to  moral  principle  that  has  distinguished  him 
in  his  career  both  in  the  Senate  and  on  the  bench,  and  in  arbi- 
trations of  a  most  important  character,  has  thought  that  the  time 
has  come,  "  the  fulness  of  time,"  as  the  chairman  has  felicitously 
expressed  it,  in  wliich  a  declaration  of  principally  private  per- 
sons would  be  of  authoritative  influence  with  governments. 
Some  of  us,  I  think,  hardly  realize  what  an  extraordinary  advance 
has  been  made  within  comparatively  a  short  period  by  the  feeling 
in  favor  of  the  composition  of  national  or  international  differences 
by  arbitration.  There  is  within  my  knowledge  an  instance  which 
I  should  refrain  to  mention  were  not  all  the  important  person- 
ages concerned  in  it  now  dead,  and  as  the  instance  may  be  con- 
sidered with  reference  to  its  personal  relations  rather  than  its  in- 
ternational relations,  I  may  perhaps  venture  to  name  the  nations, 
though  I  shall  not  mention  the  persons  concerned. 

Our  Minister  at  the  Court  of  St.  James  upon  one  occasion 
told  me  that  he  had  presented  a  claim  of  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  which  had  long  been  doubted  and  resisted,  and  at  last, 
with  great  difficulty,  he  obtained  a  settlement.  This  is  of  con- 
sequence because  the  nations  concerned  are  exactly  those  that  are 
concerned  in  these  resolutions  this  morning.  Having  obtained 
this  settlement,  the  knowledge  of  such  settlement  became  known 
to  the  French  Ambassador,  who  came  to  him,  the  American  Min- 
ister, and  said,  "How  did  you  obtain  that  settlement?  I  have 
had  exactly  such  a  claim  as  that  for  one  of  our  people  and  I  can- 
not get  any  attention  paid  to  it."  "  Well,"  said  he,  "  I  will  tell 
you  how.  I  proposed  to  arbitrate  it  and  rather  than  arbitrate  it 
thev  answered  that  they  would  pay  the  claim."     (Laughter.) 


68  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

The  French  Ambassador  said  he  would  try  the  same  thing. 
So  the  French  Ambassador  then  presented  to  the  British  Minis- 
ter of  Foreign  Affairs  the  claim  of  the  French  citizen  and  pro- 
posed that  it  be  siimbitted  to  arbitration,  and  he  received  the 
same  answer,  "  We  will  not  arbitrate,  but  we  will  pay." 

There  was  then  an  undefined  and  yet  a  controlling  fear  that  a 
court  of  arbitration  would  settle  some  principle  which  would  be 
decisive  as  a  precedent  with  reference  to  claims  thereafter  aris- 
ing, a  consequence  which  would  not  result  from  a  voluntary  pay- 
ment. 

Now,  gentlemen,  that  was  within  the  last  twenty  years  that  that 
incident  occurred,  which  I  trust  will  not  seem  unimportant  to  some 
of  you.  Since  then  there  has  been  the  development  of  a  senti- 
ment in  favor  of  international  arbitration,  which  was  supported 
and  presented  by  Lord  Chief-Justice  Russell  in  that  admirable 
address  of  his  before  the  American  Bar  Association  in  1896. 
Then  there  was  the  proposition  from  the  very  Olympian  heights, 
communicated  to  the  astonished  world  in  1898  by  the  Czar  of 
Bussia ;  to  a  world  so  astonished  that  when  a  great  religious 
body,  meeting  in  this  city  in  October,  1898,  proposed  to  give  a 
response  to  that  invitation  by  the  adoption  of  a  resolution  of  ap- 
proval, nearly  one-half  of  that  body  at  first  was  inclined  to' 
think  it  was  not  worth  while  to  give  approval.  It  was  a  religious 
body  that  felt  that  doubt.  To-day  I  think  that  you  will  concede 
that  the  results  of  the  promulgation  of  that  great  pronouncement 
of  the  Czar  of  Bussia,  and  the  way  in  which  it  was  saved  from 
loss  by  the  representatives  from  this  country  at  The  Hague  in 
1899,  makes  it  not  only  impossible  but  ridiculous  that  anyone  now 
should  doubt  that  we  and  all  earnest  and  conscientious  men  rep- 
resent a  power  which  can  compel  those  even  upon  the  Olympian 
heights  to  nod  again.  So  I  think  we  need  never  despair  of  the 
use  of  that  which  we  say  here  or  which  we  do  here  and  through 
other  associations  in  furtherance  of  the  great  cause  of  peace 
through  international  arbitration. 

Now  we  have  thought  best  that  these  resolutions  that  we  have 
presented  and  considered  should  be  reduced  to  a  statement 
of  principles  and  that  the  first  principle  to  be  observed  is 
that  they  shall  not  limit  but  shall  extend  the  application  of 
The  Hague  Conference.     (Applause.) 


REMARKS    BY    MR.    STETSON".  69 

These  resolutions  are   not  presented  as  a  substitute  for  any\ 
proposed  at  The  Hague.     Generally  it  has  been  pointed  out  that  1 
in    the  conclusions  of   the  Hague  Conference   there    was    com-  I 
paratively  little  that  was  compulsory.      We  think  that  in  princi-  j 
pie  there   was  very  much   more  that  was  compulsory  than   has 
been  supposed.      Mediation  is  compulsory,  and  the  obligation  to     ^ 
arbitrate  is  regarded  and  recognized  as  a  moral  obligation,  and  in 
the  broad  field  of  morals  that  which  is  a  moral  obligation  is  ab-     dX-" 
solutely    obligatory.       And  we   do   not   doubt    that    the    leaven 
will  work  until  all  foreign  ministers  and  ministers    of  war  will 
move  toward  war  only  under  the  sense  of  a  violated  obligation  to 
arbitrate. 

Next  we  felt  that  we  should  provide  for  the  causes  and  cases 
which  are  excepted  in  the  statement  of  The  Hague  resolu- 
tions. There  are  certain  excepted  cases,  and  these  resolutions 
provide  the  principle  which  shall  be  compulsory  where  The  Ha- 
gue resolutions  have  stopped  short,  and  they  indicated  also 
the  desire  that  forthwith  this  nation  shall  adopt  with  Great  Brit- 
ain a  treaty  which  shall  make  compulsory  that  which  under 
The  Hague  treaty  is  discretionary  or  optional,  and  next  that 
as  soon  as  possible  we  adopt  similar  treaties  with  other  countries. 
And  as  I  have  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  resolutions  except 
to  cut  out  something,  I  agree  that  they  ought  to  be  adopted  for 
the  reason  already  stated  by  Mr.  Paine,  namely,  'Hhey  are 
first  rate." 

The  President.  Gentlemen  of  the  Conference,  are  you  now 
ready  to  vote  on  the  resolutions  ?  (Cries  of  "  Question  !  Ques- 
tion!") 

The  resolutions  were  unanimously  agreed  to. 

The  President.  Mr.  Coombs,  of  Brooklyn,  desires  to  offer 
a  resolution. 

Hon.  William  J.  Coombs.  Mr.  President,  in  introducing  this 
resolution,  which  proposes  a  permanent  organization,  I  only 
want  to  make  mention  of  one  suggestion  to  show  the  advance 
that  the  idea  of  arbitration  has  made. 

In  the  52d  Congress  I  was  waited  upon  by  a  modest  English- 
man who  had  a  copy  of  the  resolutions  adopted  by  the  House 
of  Commons  in  Great  Britain.  This  gentleman  was  Mr.  Cramer. 
I  was  asked  to  present  them  to  the  House  of  Representatives, 


?0  NATIONAL    AliBITRAtlON   CONl'ERENCfi. 

which  I  did  after  much  difficulty.  They  were  laughed  out  of  the 
House.  Any  of  you  who  will  take  the  pains  to  look  at  the  record  of 
tbat  presentation  will  see  that  they  were  looked  upon  as  the  rav- 
ings of  a  madman.  To-day  we  hear  that  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives is  to  be  open  to  consider  the  cause  of  arbitration.  Now 
the  resolution  I  offer  is  : 

"  Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Conference  that  a  per- 
manent national  organization  to  promote  international  arbi- 
tration should  be  effected,  and  that  to  accomplish  this  pur- 
pose the  Executive  Committee  appointed  at  the  Washington 
Conference  of  April  22,  1896,  should  be  continued,  with  power  to 
add  to  its  numbers ;  and  further,  that  the  President  be  empowered 
to  fill  all  existing  vacancies  in  the  committee." 

The  resolution  was  seconded  and  unanimously  agreed  to. 

The  President.  A  provision  was  made  in  the  program  which 
you  adopted  for  the  appointment  of  committees  to  lay  the  reso- 
lutions of  this  Conference  before  the  President  and  the  Senate 
Committee  on  Foreign  Relations.  I  shall  now  announce  the  com- 
mittees if  there  is  no  objection. 

The  President  then  announced  the  following  committee  to  pre- 
sent the  resolutions  to  the  Senate  Committee  on  Foreign  Rela- 
tions. 

Committee   to  the  Senate. 

Governor  W.  T.  Durbin,  of  Indiana. 

Provost  C.  C.  Harrison,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Francis  Lynde  Stetson,  New  York. 

Col.  Thomas  H.  Carter,  Yirginia. 

A.  Foster  Higgins,  Esq.,  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Osborne  Howes,  Esq.,  Boston. 

Hon.  Horace  Davis,  San  Francisco. 

Wm.  J.  Schieflein,  Esq.,  New  York  Board  of  Trade. 

Chancellor  McCracken,  New  York  University. 

Samuel  Gompers,  Esq.,  American  Federation  of  Labor. 

Hon.  John  I.  Gilbert.  Malone,  New  York. 

Wm.  Keyser,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 

Hon.  John  Goode,  Virginia. 

Hon.  Lynde  Harrison,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

James  H.  Dooley,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 


APPOINTMENT    OF    COMMITTEES.  71 

Horace  White,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Hod.  Charles  J.  Faulkner,  West  Yirginia. 
Pres.  E.  M.  Gallaudet,  Washington,  D.  C. 
President  E.  M.  Gallaudet.  I  suppose  it  is  understood  that  the 
President  of  this  Conference  is  a  member  of  that  committee.     If 
not,  I  make  that  motion,  that  the  President  of  the  Conference  be 
ex  officio  a  member  of  that  committee. 
The  motion  was  agreed  to. 

The  President.  Arrangements  have  been  made  with  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  to  receive  the  committee  appointed  to 
wait  upon  him  at  eleven  o'clock  to-morrow  morning.  This  com- 
mittee is  composed  of  the  following  persons : 

Hon.  Charles  J.  Bonaparte,  Baltimore. 
Hon.  H.  St.  George  Tucker,  Virginia. 
Pres.  Joseph  Swain,  Swarthmore  College. 
Pres.  William  L.  Prather,  University  of  Texas. 
Pres.  E.  D.  Warfield,  Lafayette  College. 
Hon.  George  L.  Eives,  New  York  City. 
Mr.  Kobert  Treat  Paine,  Boston. 
Hon.  Volney  W.  Foster,  Chicago. 
Mr.  R.  Walton  Moore,  Virginia. 
Mr.  Samuel  B.  Capen,  Boston. 
Mr.  George  W.  Breckenridge,  Texas. 
Mr.  Kobert  Stiles,  Virginia. 
Bishop  Alexander  Mackay-Smith,  Philadelphia. 
Mr.  Hichard  M.  Venable,  Baltimore. 
Mr.  Ralston.  Mr.  President,  if  the  regular  order  is  exhausted 
I  simply  rise  to  move  the  thanks  of  this  Convention  to  the  man- 
agement of  the  New  Willard  Hotel  for  furnishing  us,  as  I  under- 
stand without  expense,  with  rooms  so  comfortably  arranged  for 
the  purposes  of  this  meeting,  and  I  further  suggest  that  the  Secre- 
tary be  instructed  so  to  inform  the  management. 
The  motion  was  agreed  to. 
And  theti,  on  motion,  the  Conference  adjourned. 


International  Arbitration  Conference 


AFTERNOON  MEETING 

AT  THE  LAFAYETTE  THEATRE 

Jancaky  12,  1904 


MASS    MEETING    HELD    AT    THE    LAFAYETTE 

THEATRE,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C,  TUESDAY, 

JANUARY  12,  1904. 


The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the  Chairman,  Hon.  John 
W.  Foster,  at  4:15  P.  M. 

The  Chairman.  Ladies  and  gentlemen,  it  was  the  intention  of 
the  Executive  Committee  to  provide  another  person  than  myself 
to  preside  at  this  meeting,  but  the  letter  which  I  read  explains 
why  he  is  not  present.  It  is  addressed  to  myself  as  Chairman  of 
the  Committee. 

Princeton,  New  Jersey, 

Deceiiibei'  26th. 
My  Dear  Sir  :  I  have  received  through  Mr.  Straus  your  very 
courteous  invitation  to  attend  the  Arbitration  Conference  to  be 
held  on  the  12th  of  January  next,  and  preside  on  that  occasion. 
I  need  not  say  to  you  how  much  1  am  interested  in  the  object 
which  the  Conference  has  in  view  and  which  the  contemplated 
meeting  is  called  to  further  ;  and  yet,  much  to  my  regret,  I  am 
obliged  to  say  in  response  to  your  invitation  that  engagements 
already  made  and  an  unusual  pressure  of  work  will  prevent  my 
attending  the  meeting. 

•    Thanking  you  for  the  cordiality  of  your  invitation,  I  am, 
Very  truly  yours, 

GROVEE  CLEVELAND. 

The  Conference  of  the  friends  of  international  arbitration  was 
held  this  forenoon,  and  after  careful  deliberation  they  have 
expressed  their  conclusions  on  the  subject,  which  has  called  us 
together  this  afternoon,  by  a  series  of  resolutions  presented  by 
the  Chairman  of  the  Committee,  Judge  George  Gray,  of  Dela- 
ware.    (Applause.) 

The  resolutions  as  adopted,  and  expressive  of  the  sentiment  of 
the  large  numbers  of  representative  and  prominent  citizens  who 


76  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

were  gathered  at  that  Coafereace  this  morning,  will  now  be  read 
to  you  by  the  Secretary,  Thomas  Nelson  Page. 

After  the  reading  of  the  resolutions  the  Chairman  said : 
These  resolutions  which  you  have  just  heard  will  be  presented 
by  committees  of  distinguished  men  to  the  Foreign  Relations 
Committee  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  and  to  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  on  to-morrow.  They  are  to  be  sup- 
ported this  afternoon  by  short  addresses  from  a  number  of  gen- 
tlemen who  have  kindly  consented  to  address  you. 

No  one  in  our  country  can  speak  for  a  larger  constituency 
than  the  gentleman  whose  name  appears  first  in  the  program.  It 
is  a  source  of  great  encouragement  to  the  friends  of  arbitration 
to  know  that  they  have  such  a  valiant  friend  and  champion  as 
his  Eminence  Cardinal  Gibbons,  who  will  now  address  you. 
(Applause.) 

Address  of  His  Eminence  Cardinal  Gibbons. 

Mr.  Chairman,  and  ladies  and  gentlemen,  every  citizen  of  the 
United  States  that  has  at  heart  the  interest  of  his  country  as  well 
as  the  interest  of  humanity  should  rejoice  exceedingly  in  every 
effort  that  is  made  in  the  cause  of  universal  arbitration,  and  by 
universal  arbitration  I  mean,  in  the  first  place,  an  arbitration 
that  will  endeavor  to  settle  the  disputes  between  the  strong  nation 
and  the  weak  as  well  as  the  two  powerful  nations.  And  as  we 
are  particularly  assembled  here  this  afternoon  in  the  interest  of 
arbitration  measures  between  England  and  the  United  States,  I 
think  it  is  eminently  desired  that  between  those  two  great  coun- 
tries there  should  exist  a  more  amicable  agreement  and  closer 
cordiality  and  friendship,  such  a  friendship  as  would  preclude 
the  fear  and  possibility  of  any  sanguinary  conflict  between  those 
two  great  powers.  And  there  are  special  reasons,  ladies  and 
gentlemen,  why  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  United  States  on  the  other,  there  should  be  close 
and  intimate  friendship  and  relations. 

In  the  first  place  we  speak  a  common  language,  the  noble 
English  language.  And  it  is  most  gratifying  to  observe  what 
colossal  strides,  what  vast  progress  has  been  made  in  the  last 
two  or  three  centuries  in  the  growth  and  development  of  our 


ADDRESS    OF    CARDINAL    GIBBONS.  77 

Doble  English  tongue.  It  seems  to  me,  although  I  have  not  had 
any  time  to  refer  to  any  special  statistics  on  the  subject,  that  a 
century  ago  we  were  perhaps  not  more  than  fourth  or  fifth 
numerically  in  the  scale  of  civilized  nations.  I  speak  of  our  lan- 
guage. To-day  the  English  tongue  easily  occupies  the  first 
place.  And  that  I  may  illustrate  this  point,  by  an  ecclesiastical 
event,  I  can  say  that  in  the  16th  century  when  the  Council  of 
Trent  was  held  there  were  present  in  that  great  synod  only  four 
prelates  who  spoke  the  English  tongue  ;  that  at  the  last  council  of 
the  Vatican  held  in  1870  there  were  present  120  ;  and  to-day  there 
are  fully  200  bishops  ruling  dioceses  where  the  English  language 
is  spoken  and  predominates.  Not  only  do  we  speak  a  common 
tongue  but  we  also,  I  might  say,  have  a  common  literature.  We 
are  quite  as  familiar  with  the  classical  writings  of  England  and 
Ireland  as  the  people  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  people  of  Great 
Britain  are  not  strangers  to  our  best  authors. 

And  then  again,  and  more  particularly,  England  and  America 
are  bound  together  by  the  most  close  and  amicable  ties  of  com- 
mercial intercourse.  Every  day,  every  hour,  ships  are  plying  the 
ocean  to  and  fro  from  shore  to  shore  bearing  across  the  Atlantic 
the  fruits  of  commerce,  and  also  messages  of  love  and  friendship 
from  one  nation  to  the  other. 

We  can  view  only  with  horror  the  contemplation  of  hostilities 
between  those  two  great  powers.  Our  imagination  can  hardly 
fully  and  adequately  conceive  the  awful  consequences  that  would 
ensue  from  a  war  between  those  two  great  nations.  A  war  be- 
tween England  and  America,  I  might  say.  would  be  more  disas- 
trous than  the  combined  evils  of  an  earthquake,  a  famine  and  a 
pestilence. 

Then,  again,  I  might  also  remark  that  we  are  governed  practi- 
cally by  the  same  form  of  government,  although  we  are  living 
under  governments  of  different  names.  England  is  ruled  by  a 
constitutional  monarchy.  The  United  States  is  governed  by  a 
constitutional  republic.  England  is  governed  by  a  king.  Our 
chief  magistrate  is  a  president ;  and  although  he  possesses  that 
modest  title  of  President,  I  believe  you  will  all  agree  with  me 
that  Mr.  Koosevelt  possesses  to-day  ampler  powers  than  are  con- 
ferred on  Edward  the  Seventh.  Then,  again,  we  enjoy  in  both 
countries,  thanks  be  to  God,  the  inestimable  blessings  of  civil  and 


78  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

religious  liberty.  Our  respective  governments  hold  over  us  the 
iiegis  for  their  protection  without  interfering  with  us  in  the  exer- 
cise of  our  religion  and  in  our  God-given  right  of  conscience. 

What  better  evidence  can  we  have  of  the  blessed  influence  of 
a  Board  of  Arbitration  than  the  result  which  followed  from  the 
recent  conference  in  England,  where  prominent  Englishmen  and 
Americans  were  assembled  to  settle  the  Alaskan  boundary  ?  Our 
distinguished  friend,  the  Chairman  of  this  meeting,  the  Honorable 
John  W.  Foster,  has  come  back  to  us  laden  with  honors,  with 
his  brow  crowned  with  laurels,  in  consequence  of  the  victory  which 
he  achieved  there,  a  victory  which  he  achieved  without  the  shed- 
ding of  a  single  drop  of  blood.  And  although  he  was  aided  by 
admirable  colleagues  in  this  work  which  he  accomplished,  if  his 
own  modesty  would  permit  him  to  speak  he  would  say  to  us  in 
the  language  of  ^neas  when  he  spoke  of  the  Trojan  War,  qnoruia 
pars  magna  fur. 

What  does  the  late  Board  of  Arbitration  prove  ?  It  proves 
that  the  pen  is  mightier  than  the  sword  ;  that  peace  hath  her 
victories,  no  less  renowned  than  war  ;  that  all  schemes  conceived 
in  passion  or  fomented  by  ambition,  are  destined  like  the  moun- 
tain torrent  to  leave  ruin  and  desolation  after  them,  while  the 
counsels  of  men  assembled  under  the  guidance  of  heaven,  shed 
their  silent  blessings  around  them  like  the  dew  of  heaven,  and 
bring  forth  fruit  in  due  season. 

Let  us,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  cherish  the  pious  hope  that  the 
day  is  not  so  far  distant  when  the  reign  of  the  Prince  of  Peace 
will  be  established  upon  this  earth,  when  kings  and  princes  and 
rulers  will  be  so  far  swayed  by  the  influence  of  the  Gospel  of  Peace 
that  battles  or  wars  will  be  settled,  not  in  the  camps,  but  in  the 
Temple  of  Peace  ;  when  wars  will  be  adjusted  not  by  standing 
armies  but  by  boards  of  arbitration  ;  when  wars  will  be  adjusted 
not  by  the  sword  but  by  the  pen,  which  is  mightier  than  the  sword, 
especially  when  that  pen  is  wielded  by  upright  citizens  and  states- 
men who  are  actuated  solely  by  a  love  of  peace  and  the  progress 
of  Christian  civilization.     (Applause.) 

The  Chairman.  We  have  heard  from  the  church  ;  we  will  now 
hear  from  the  army  ;  and  I  am  happy  to  say  that  the  head  of  the 
army  for  some  years  past  has  been  the  ardent  friend  of  peace 
and  has  co-operated  with  us  on  our  committees  for  the  promotion 


ADDRESS    OF    GEN.    MILES.  79 

of  arbitration.    I  have  the  honor  to  introduce  Lieutenant-General 
Miles.     (Applause.) 

Address  of  General  Nelson  A.  Miles. 

Mr.  Chairman  and  ladies  and  gentlemen.  1  esteem  it  an  honor 
to  join  this  distinguished  company  in  its  consideration  of  a  most 
important  subject.  Few  words  will  be  expected  from  me.  The 
subject  is  in  safe  hands  for  on  the  program  there  is  but  one 
representative  of  the  profession  of  arms,  while  there  are  three 
holy  men  of  peace  who  will  address  you  on  the  subject. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  important  subjects  that  affect  the  nations 
of  the  world.  We  assume  to-day  that  we  are  an  enlightened, 
civilized  people,  and  making  great  progress  in  the  paths  of  peace 
and  humanity.  Yet,  what  is  the  fact?  There  are  more  men,  and 
better  armed  men  in  the  military  and  naval  service  of  the  nations 
than  we  ever  marshalled  before  in  the  world's  history.  We  hope 
we  are  making  progress,  yet  there  is  some  question  in  that 
respect,  and  if  we  are  making  progress  as  we  ought  to  be  it  will 
be  through  the  instrumentality  and  through  the  earnest  efforts  of 
humane,  noble,  generous,  enlightened  men  such  as  gathered  here 
to-day  and  are  gathered  in  other  assemblies  of  like  character  in 
every  part  of  the  world. 

There  was  a  time  when  great  armies  were  used  for  national 
defence,  for  the  protection  of  the  government  and  the  territory 
controlled  by  the  government.  That  is  somewhat  changed  at  the 
present  time.  There  seems  to  be  a  tendency  of  the  nations  hav- 
ing great  armies  and  powerful  navies  to  hunt  together  rather  than  to 
hunt  each  other.  That  to  me  threatens  greater  danger  to  liberty, 
to  equality,  to  progress,  than  any  one  element  that  threatens 
mankind.  (Applause.)  It  is  well  for  patriotic  people  to  defend 
their  own  country,  to  defend  their  frontier,  to  defend  their  systems 
of  government ;  but  it  is  a  serious  thing  when  there  shall  be  com- 
binations of  great  powers  seeking  the  world  over,  finding  weak 
countries  to  conquer  and  subjugate  and  ally  to  a  few  great  nations. 
(Applause.) 

If  that  principle  were  carried  out  I  fear  that  liberty,  indepen- 
dence, the  rights  of  man,  would  be  in  imminent  danger,  and  the 
spirit  of  arbitration  would  be  regarded  more  earnestly  than  at 
the  present  time.     In  this  realm   of  thought  we   have   a  grand 


80  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

illustration.  Within  a  short  time  the  man  who  controls  the 
mightiest  army,  at  the  head  of  a  nation  of  130,000,000  strong 
people,  the  autocrat  of  all  the  Rnssias,  has  given  his  mighty  in- 
fluence towards  the  establishment  of  a  Congress  of  Nations,  a 
Peace  Congress,  which  shall  reduce  the  expenses  of  great  armies 
and  navies,  to  settle  questions  in  a  rational,  candid,  just  and 
humane  way,  and  enabling  other  countries  that  are  now  burdened 
with  the  expense  of  powerful  armies  and  navies  to  adjust  their 
differences  in  a  congress  of  civilized,  enlightened,  intelligent, 
humane  men.  We  trust  that  if  that  is  the  action  of  the  most 
powerful  autocrat  of  the  world,  that  intelligent  Americans  would 
add  everything  which  it  is  possible  in  their  power  to  add  to  pro- 
mote such  a  commendable  enterprise.  Arbitration  is  not  altogether 
commendable  for  the  powerful.  There  is  no  particular  credit  in 
resorting  to  arbitration  when  both  parties  are  afraid  or  equally 
matched,  and  fearing  that  their  countries  may  be  overrun,  devas- 
tated, impoverished.  The  most  commendable  theory  of  arbitra- 
tion is  that  of  the  high  sense  of  honor  and  justice  and  humanity. 
(Applause.)  It  is  far  more  commendable  for  a  powerful  nation 
to  lay  aside  for  the  time  being  its  great  power  and  influence  and 
say  to  the  weak,  the  helpless,  we  will  adjust  our  differences  as 
between  men,  and  we  will  be  governed  by  a  high  sense  of  honor 
and  justice.  That  is  commendable,  that  is  grand  and  glorious ; 
and  I  trust  that  not  only  this  measure  that  is  being  advocated 
and  urged  to-day  between  two  powerful  nations  speaking  the  same 
language,  having  many  common  interests,  will  be  adopted ;  but  I 
trust  it  will  be  the  stepping-stone,  the  example,  to  all  nations  of 
the  world  to  unite  in  a  better  consideration  and  a  better  under- 
standing and  a  better  settlement  of  the  differences  that  divide 
them.     (Applause.) 

Men  are  accustomed  to  resort  to  the  civil  courts  or  courts  of 
arbitration  to  settle  their  differences.  Why  should  not  govern- 
ments, that  are  the  creation,  the  toleration  of  man,  be  governed 
by  the  same  rule,  more  or  less,  that  governs  individuals  ?  (Ap- 
plause.) 

I  wish  you  every  success.  Nothing  in  my  judgment  is  more 
worthy  of  the  support  of  intelligent,  enlightened  people  and  of 
all  people  than  this  very  work  that  is  being  advocated  by  the 
gentlemen  here  present  and  by  those  associated  with  them.     This 


ADDRESS  OF  KEV.  EDWARD    EVERE'Fr    HALE,  81 

will  contribute  more  to  the  peace,  the  prosperity,  the  welfare  of 
mankind,  than  any  other  one  measure  of  human  ingenuity  and 
thought.  I  wish  it  success,  and  every  effort  should  be  made  by 
men  and  women  everywhere  to  urge  the  progress  of  this  noble 
enterprise.     (Applause.) 

It  had  been  the  desire  of  the  Committee  of  Arrangements  that 
Admiral  George  Dewey  should  follow  General  Miles  in  a  brief 
address,  and  the  Admiral  had  expected  to  be  present,  but  was  de- 
tained at  home  by  ill-health.  He  has  expressed  himself  as  in 
sympathy  with  the  movement,  and  acted  as  a  member  of  the 
Local  Committee. 

The  Chairman.  No  living  man  has  better  earned  the  gratitude 
and  respect  of  his  fellow  citizens  of  the  United  States  than 
the  gentleman  who  is  next  to  address  us.  In  his  earlier  days  he 
wrote  a  remarkable  story  which  has  been  quickening  the  patriot- 
ism of  Americans  from  that  day  to  this,  and  will  continue  to  do 
so  long  after  he  has  gone ;  and  in  these  last  years,  he  having 
been  long  spared  to  us,  he  has  given  his  time  to  the  promotion  of 
peace  and  good  will  among  men.  I  now  have  the  pleasure  of 
introducing  to  you  Dr.   Edward  Everett  Hale.     (Applause.) 

Address  of  Rev.  Edward  Everett  Hale. 

Why  do  people  call  this  an  experiment  ?  It  is  an  experiment 
one  hundred  and  thirteen  years  old.  At  that  time  thirteen  little 
States,  States  some  of  them  as  small  as  the  smallest  of  which  the 
General  has  been  speaking,  the  small  ones  not  daring  to  trust 
themselves  to  the  large  ones — to  Massachusetts  or  Virginia — 
not  caring  to  stand  alone  against  the  wealth  and  strength  of 
Europe,  united,  made  the  United  States.  Local  government 
to  the  States,  national  government  to  the  United  States.  And 
from  that  time  to  this  time  the  hyphen  between  the  two  words 
has  been  thicker  and  thicker  and  stronger  and  stronger.  In  the 
117  or  118  odd  years,  whatever  it  is,  the  country  as  a  nation  has 
become  stronger  and  stronger.  But  were  there  no  reasons  for  quar- 
reling, reasons  for  quarreling  just  such  as  had  been  keeping 
Europe  in  war  from  the  fourth  century?  Thirteen  little  States  / 
determined  to  unite  and  did  unite.  The  experiment  was  tried 
then.  Between  that  time  and  this  time  those  States  have  only 
once  been  at  war  with  each  other,  and  that  war  was  one  question, 


82  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

which,  with  their  eyes  open,  they  left  out  from  their  Treaty  of 
Arbitration,  from  the  federal  constitution.  It  served  them  right, 
as  we  say  in  Yankeeland.  With  that  exception  these  States,  then 
thirteen,  now  forty- five,  have  lived  in  peace  with  one  another,  so 
entirely  at  peace  with  one  another  that  this  nation  as  a  nation 
does  not  know  what  war  is.  A  Russian  gentleman  told  me  that 
he  had  travelled  from  place  to  place  and  had  never  seen  a  soldier 
in  twelve  months,  and  I  said  "  what  do  you  want  to  see  a  soldier 
for?"  "Well"  he  said,  "Is  it  not  a  good  thing  to  have  the 
government  brought  before  the  eyes  of  the  people  every  day?  " 
I  said  "  Yes,  I  think  it  is  a  very  good  thing ;  but  the  government 
brings  me  my  letters,  that  is  the  way  T  know  there  is  a  national 
government.  Haven't  your  letters  been  brought  to  you  ?  "  (Ap- 
plause and  laughter.)  He  said  "  Yes,  the  postoffice  service  is  be- 
yond compare."     I  said,  "  That  is  what  the  government  is  for." 

A  few  years  ago,  the  last  time  I  came  from  California,  I 
was  going  up  the  Mississippi  river  from  St.  Louis  to  Chicago  on 
the  western  side  of  the  river,  and  I  was  talking  to  one  of  the 
most  intelligent  gentlemen  in  America,  one  of  those  great  states- 
men which  the  Mississippi  Yalley  is  furnishing  for  our  use — 
as  accomplished  a  man  as  there  is  in  Washington.  I  said  to  him 
"  Is  that  the  Des  Moines  river,  we  crossed  just  now  ?  "  Mark  you 
a  man  who  knows  the  geography  of  the  country  between  here 
and  Boston.  "  The  Des  Moines  river  ?  "  "  Oh  yes,  I  ought  to 
know  ;  of  course,  I  ought  to  know  ;  but  really  I  have  not  kept 
myself  up  about  that.  The  next  time  I  come  down  this  way 
I  will  know  where  the  Des  Moines  river  is."  Why  should  I  have 
asked  him  ?  It  is  no  disgrace  to  any  person  in  this  city  if 
he  does  not  know  ;  but  it  did  happen  that  the  Des. Moines  river 
was  the  Rubicon  of  the  continent ;  it  did  happen  that  the  army  of 
Iowa  was  arrayed  on  one  side  of  the  river  with  flints  in  their 
muskets  and  bullets  in  their  guns  and  that  the  Army  of  the  Mis- 
souri was  on  the  other  side  of  the  river  with  flints  in  their 
muskets  and  bullets  in  their  guns.  Why  was  there  no  war? 
Because  the  constitution  of  1787  created  a  supreme  court,  a  court 
before  which  Presidents  have  had  to  bow,  a  court  before  which 
Massachusetts  and  Virginia  and  proud  States  have  had  to 
bow.     It  created  a  Supreme  Court. 

I  should  not  wound  or  insult  any  audience  in  Massachusetts 


ADDRESS  OF  REV^.  EDWARD    EVERETT    HALE.  83 

if  I,  an  old  man  of  eighty,  chose  to  tell  the  people  before  me  on 
any  occasion  that  within  the  century  Massachusetts  and  Khode 
Island  were  as  near  to  war  as  ever  Russia  was  to  Prussia,  except- 
ing that  there  was  a  supreme  court.  Massachusetts  had  to  bring 
her  case  before  the  Supreme  Court  ;  Rhode  Island  had  to  bring 
her  case  before  the  Supreme  Court — a  welding  power.  Accord- 
ing to  the  old  rules  of  life  of  civilization  as  it  was  called,  Massa- 
chusetts and  Rhode  Island  would  have  had  to  mourn,  the  one  a 
victory  and  the  other  a  defeat,  because  victories  and  defeats  are 
equally  painful  to  men.  That  has  been  going  on  for  a  hundred 
years.  Do  you  suppose  that  thing  goes  without  sensible  people 
watching  it  ?  Do  you  suppose  this  history  of  ours,  where  we 
have  had  a  Supreme  Court  bindiug  thirteen  States,  twenty  States, 
forty-five  States  together,  goes  without  attention  by  the  states- 
men of  the  other  parts  of  the  world  ?  Not  a  bit  of  it,  not  a  bit 
of  it. 

People  who  like  to  find  fault  entertain  us  by  saying  that  the 
Emperor  of  Russia  is  a  liar  of  the  first  kind.  Ha,  ha  !  Why 
should  the  Emperor  of  Russia  pretend  that  he  wants  peace  ? 
Why  should  you  ascribe  to  that  man  any  wrong  motive  when  for 
five  years  at  least  he  has  kept  the  peace  of  the  world  ?  Why 
should  you  say  that  a  thing  is  a  dream  because  you  want  con- 
vulsion all  the  time  ?  No  ;  people  who  show  such  evidence  of 
love  of  peace  as  the  Czar  has  shown  deserve  some  credit. 

Six  or  seven  years  ago  he  asked  that  the  world  might  pause 
and  see  if  there  were  any  arbitration  other  than  this  arbitration 
of  war.  The  cabinets  of  the  world  excepting  in  America  did  not 
take  much  stock,  as  we  say,  in  the  undertaking.  But  when  higher 
and  higher  the  thermometer  rose,  when  the  men  of  affairs  of  Eng- 
land and  America  and  Russia  and  Germany  insisted  upon  it  that 
there  should  be  peace  and  not  war,  then  in  four  or  five  rapid 
months  leading  editorials  became  optimistic  instead  of  pessimis- 
tic, and  by  the  concurrence  of  three  of  the  great  nations — Amer- 
ica, England  and  Russia — the  tribunal  of  The  Hague  was  estab- 
lished. It  was  not  what  Mr.  Tennyson  calls  a  parliament  of 
peace  ;  it  was  something  greater  than  a  parliament  of  peace — it 
was  a  supreme  court  among  nations.  Twenty-four  nations  at  the 
conference  ;  sixteen  nations  afterwards  at  Mexico  have  bound 
this  world  together   into  an  agreement,  for  a  supreme  tribunal. 


84  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Before  that  supreme  tribunal  these  little  questions  of  boundary 
will  have  to  give  way.  (Applause.)  Before  that  supreme  tri- 
bunal let  us  hope  the  world  will  be  linked  together.  That  is  not 
a  hard  thing  to  do  if  you  undertake  to  do  it.  I  submitted  to  a 
great  engineer  two  years  ago  the  question  how  much  a  quadruple 
line  of  rail,  four  lines  of  rail,  between  St.  Petersburg  and  the 
Pacific,  between  Cairo  and  the  Capes,  between  Hudson  Bay  and 
the  Straits  of  Magellan  would  cost,  and  he  told  me  that  if  I 
would  give  him  the  military  and  naval  expenses  of  Europe  and 
America  for  one  year  he  could  build  my  four  railroads  from  the 
Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  my  four  railroads  from  Cairo  to  the  Capes, 
my  four  railroads  from  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan, 
and  then  there  would  be  enough  money  left  to  build  them  over 
again.     (Applause.) 

Do  you  suppose  that  my  friends  on  the  left  or  my  friends  on 
the  right  do  not  know  this  ?  And  do  you  suppose  that  the 
bankers  of  the  world  do  not  know  this  ?  I  had  the  great  pleas- 
ure and  honor  to  be  at  the  Second  Centennial  of  Yale  College 
the  other  day.  I  was  sitting  about  where  you  are,  sir,  and  in  a 
little  pause  between  speaking  I  saw  coming  forward  Mr.  Choate, 
our  American  Ambassador  in  England.  And  Mr.  Choate  took 
the  right  hand  of  Chief  Justice  Fuller,  the  Chief  Justice  of  Amer. 
ica,  and  he  took  in  the  left  hand  Chief  Justice  Martens,  as  we 
call  him,  the  European  statesman  who  has  sat  in  so  many  of 
these  arbitrations  that  men  call  him  the  Chief  Justice  of  Christen- 
dom. I  saw  the  Chief  Justice  of  Christendom  introduced  to  the 
Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States  by  the  American  Ambassador 
at  the  Court  of  King  Edward.  I  was  an  American,  and  the  mem- 
ory of  one  of  those  little  incidents  encourages  me  in  such  a 
meeting  as  we  are  having.     (Applause.) 

The  Chairman.  Of  all  the  races  of  the  world  the  one  which  has 
most  shown  the  superiority  and  the  beneficence  of  intellect  over 
brute  force  is  to  be  represented  by  the  next  speaker,  Kev.  Doctor 
Joseph  Silverman,  of  New  York  City.     (Applause.) 

Address  of  Kev.  Dr.  Joseph  Silverman. 

I  thank  you,  Mr.  Chairman,  for  the  remark  which  you  have 
just  uttered  ;  that  I  stand  here  as  a  representative  of  that  race 
which  has  withstood  brute  force  by  reason,  and  I  am  glad  to 


ADDRESS    Q-^    REV.    DR.    SILTERMAK.  85 

speak  a  word  this  afternoon  on  behalf  of  universal  peace.  There 
is  an  old  saying  "  In  time  of  peace,  prepare  for  war."  1  think 
the  motto  of  our  organization  ought  to  be  '' In  time  of  peace, 
prepare  iov peace  by  peaceful  means."     (Applause.) 

If  it  is  honorable  to  gain  peace  sometimes  by  war,  it  is  certainly 
more  honorable  to  secure  peace  by  amicable  measures.  It  is  com- 
paratively no  ^reat  achievement  to  quiet  an  enemy  and  force  him 
to  peace  by  a  superior  power,  by  means  of  superior  machinery  ; 
but  it  is  a  great  achievement  to  turn  an  enemy  into  a  friend  by 
appeal  to  truth,  to  right,  to  justice,  to  svveet  reasonableness.  (Ap- 
plause.) 

I  am  proud  to  stand  here,  as  a  Jew,  to  speak  thus  because, 
though  a  weak  people  in  comparison  with  the  other  great  power- 
ful nations  of  the  world,  the  Jew  has  always  been  an  advocate  of 
peace.  Our  Bible  and  your  Bible,  the  world's  Bible,  by  inheri- 
tance and  by  adoption,  is  replete  with  injunctions,  to  "  seek  peace 
and  pursue  peace,''  and  to  "  seek  for  the  welfare  of  the  city." 
The  psalmist  breaks  forth  in  those  beautiful  words  that  are  never 
too  often  repeated,  "  How  pleasant  and  how  beautiful  it  is  when 
brethren  dwell  together  in  unity." 

And  how  shall  universal  peace  be  achieved?     It  is  said,  by 
arbitration.     That  means  by  reason.     This  is  not  so  difficult  to 
attain  at  this  stage  of  civilization.     Fifty  years  ago  it  was  not 
thought  of.     We  have  already  achieved  something  that  we  are 
willing  to  discuss  the  possibilities  of  universal  peace.     Fifty  years 
ago  the  treaty  that  is  contemplated  between  England  and  America, 
to  submit  all  differences  to  arbitration,  was  not  thought  of,  and 
would  not  have  been  entertained  by  either  nation,  and  the  chances 
of  success  if  proposed  would  have  been  very  slender.     But  to-day 
there  are  great  hopes  for  success,  and  why  ?     Because  we  are  ^ 
working  along  the  line  of  natural  progress.      Man  has  developed  j 
hitherto  on  physical  lines.       His  ^volution  from  now  on  is   onl 
spiritual  lines.     We  have  learned  that  man  cannot  live  by  bread/ 
alone,  as  he  did  several  thousand  years  ago,  and  nations  cannotj 
get  along  well  in  the  world  by  brute  force  alone.     They  must  for 
their  own  salvation,  for  the  welfare  of  man,  live  at  peace  and  ob- 
tain peace  through  amicable  means.     While  I  am  at  this  point  I 
beg  your  indulgence  if  I  say  that  there  is  some  justification  for 
impugning  the  right  of  any  man,  even  be  he  the  ruler  of  a 


U^ 


86  NATIOI^AL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

powerful  nation,  who  advocates  peace  on  the  one  hand  and  on 
the  other  permits  thousands  of  his  people,  his  subjects,  to  be 
butchered.  (A^pplause.)  And  arbitration  is  not  enough.  I  be- 
lieve it  was  Umpire  Carroll  D.  Wright,  who,  a  few  days  ago  in  re- 
gard to  some  labor  troubles,  said  :  "  In  labor  troubles  we  have 
arrived  at  that  stage  when  we  must  conclude  that  arbitration 
is  not  the  real  solution."  As  long  as  there  are  means  of  force 
still  possible  there  will  be  no  peace  between  capital  and  labor,  and 
as  long  as  the  world  will  be  armed  to  the  teeth  arbitration 
will  not  be  enough.  When  I  lived  out  West  there  occurred  often 
the  following  incident  :  Two  men  have  a  financial  difference  and 
they  say,  ''  let  us  leave  it  to  a  referee."  The  referee  gives 
his  decision  and  then  he  who  loses  the  award  draws  his  revolver 
aud  says  :  "  Notwithstandiug  the  decision  you  will  pay  me 
in  money  or  in  blood."  As  long  as  the  nations  of  the  world  will 
have  their  large  standing  armies  and  their  large  navies  tliey 
will  fiod  some  way  to  evade  even  the  decisions  arrived  at  by  arbi- 
tration.    (Applause.) 

In  a  fiual  analysis  it  must  come  to  this  :  That  the  world  must 
favor  general  disarmament,  and  that  nations  shall  only  have  such 
armies  as  are  necessary  for  the  internal  peace  of  a  country.  (Ap- 
plause.) 

We  have  united  here  to-day  these  two  flags  of  England  and 
America.  May  that  be  an  emblem  of  the  unity  of  the  two 
nations  they  represent,  and  may  it  be  also  a  symbol  of  the  unity  of 
all  nations.  We  are  making  history  to-day  ;  we  are  laying  the  cor- 
ner-stone of  that  structure  that  may  be  erected  in  the  future,  the 
universal  republic.  In  the  Scripture  we  are  told  that  Paradise 
was  guarded  by  two  cherubim,  and  we  have  an  interpretation  of 
the  old  Rabbis  that  these  cherubim  are  truth  and  right.  The 
meaning  is  plain — you  cannot  enter  Paradise  save  through  these 
avenues.  In  our  flag  is  the  blue  denoting  the  Heaven  of  Peace 
in  which  are  already  settled  numerous  States  denoted  by  the 
stars.  This  Heaven  of  Peace  is  guarded  by  the  two  cherubim, 
the  bars  of  red  aud  white  which  represent  truth  aud  right. 
(Applause.) 

The  Chairman.  The  Committee  of  Arrangements  had  provided 
a  speaker  with  the  view  of  representing  both  the  press  and  the 
southern  section  of   our  country.      For  unavoidable  reasons,  Mr. 


AnDRKSS    OF    HOK.    J.    M.    DIOKINSOK.  87 

Clark  Howell,  of  Atlanta,  Georgia,  is  prevented  from  being  with 
us  at  this  time.  But  we  have  a  representative  of  the  South 
to  take  his  place,  a  man  when  you  see  him  you  will  wonder  it  is 
so,  but  who  in  his  immature  youth  carried  a  Confederate  musket, 
and  in  his  later  and  maturer  years  he  carried  the  cause  of 
his  country,  his  whole  country,  to  London,  and  defended  it  there 
with  such  conspicuous  success  that  I  know  yoa  will  be  glad 
to  see  and  hear  him  on  this  occasion.  The  Cardinal  has  very 
kindly  referred  to  my  part  in  that  event,  but  there  is  one  better 
and  worthier  to  speak  for  the  cause  of  his  country  in  the  adjudi- 
cation of  the  Alaskan  boundary  than  I,  and  I  now  present 
the  Honorable  J.  M.  Dickinson,  senior  counsel  before  the  Alas- 
kan Boundary  Tribunal.     (Applause.) 

Address  of  Hon.  J.  M.  Dickinson. 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen  :  Every  true  lover  of  his 
country,  every  man  whose  heart  goes  out  toward  all  humanity, 
must  feel  and  see  that  this  is  an  auspicious  day.  You  have 
gathered  in  this  city  representative  men  from  all  sections  of  the 
United  States  who  have  laid  aside  their  personal  pursuits,  and 
enlisted  for  the  time  being  in  the  cause  of  humanity,  and  are 
seeking  to  bring  about  in  the  world  the  establishment  of  a  forum 
which  will  submit  to  judgment  and  reason  and  law  those  contests 
which  hitherto  have  been  submitted  solely  to  the  arbitrament 
of  battle  ;  and  this  outpouring  of  the  citizens  of  this  enlightened 
city  shows  how  nearly  the  purposes  which  they  have  at  heart  lie 
to  the  hearts  of  aU  tliose  who  are  present,  and  their  efforts  begun  to- 
day will  receive -strength  and  impulse  from  the  endorsement  which 
your  presence  here  indicates.  It  was  the  proper  thing  that  this 
Convention  to-day  should  be  presided  over  by  the  Honorable 
John  W.  Foster,  your  distinguished  fellow-citizen  (applause),  and 
never  was  truer  speech  uttered  than  that  uttered  a  short  while 
ago  by  Cardinal  Gibbons  on  this  platform,  when  he  said  that  to 
him  more  than  all  others  was  due  the  happy  conclusion  of  the 
recent  contest  we  had  with  Great  Britain  before  the  Alaskan  Tri- 
bunal. (Applause.)  The  lawyers  played  a  part,  but  I  say  to 
you  in  all  frankness  and  candor  that  they  played  a  minor  part 
in  the  conduct  of  that  great  controversy.  It  was  a  fortunate  thing 
for  the  country  that  the  Secretary  of  State  and  the  President  had 


88  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION   CONFERENCE. 

the  faith  and  courage  to  make  a  treaty  which  was  unique,  as  this 
was  in  Paris;  it  was  a  fortunate  thing  that  the  preparation  of  the 
case  of  the  United  States  was  entrusted  to  one  whose  knowledge 
of  the  diplomatic  history  of  the  United  States  enabled  this  coun- 
try to  present  its  case  with  such  thoroupjhness  and  such  complete- 
ness that  even  after  the  argument  was  finished  and  all  questions  had 
been  threshed  out,  looking  back  in  retrospect  there  was  nothing 
that  the  counsel  for  the  United  States  wished  to  add  to  or  to  take 
from  the  case  which  Geiieral  Foster  presented.     (Applause.) 

An  allusion  was  made  to  the  fact  that  I  am  from  the  South. 
Who,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  have  greater  reason  to  look  to  that 
auspicious  day  when  peace  will  reign  supreme  and  war  shall  no 
more  disturb  the  affairs  of  men  than  those  who  went  through  prob- 
ably the  bloodiest  and  most  hurtful  war  in  modern  times?  We 
talk  of  the  recuperation  of  the  South.  It  has  recuperated  wonder- 
fully in  all  material  resources.  Schiller  has  said  that  Germany 
was  more  than  a  hundred  years  recuperating  from  the  thirty  years' 
war,  and  it  will  be  fully  a  hundred  years  before  the  South  will 
have  recovered  from  the  destruction  of  its  manhood.  An  invaded 
country  always  suffers.  If  the  reverse  had  been  presented  the 
North  would  have  suffered,  just  as  the  South  did ;  because  her 
people,  true  and  loyal  to  their  principles,  brave  as  Americans 
ever  have  been,  would  have  fought  for  their  standard  just  as  was 
done  by  the  Southern  people  for  theirs ;  and  as  was  said  by 
General  Grant,  the  cradle  and  the  grave  alike  were  robbed  to  fill 
the  ranks  of  the  Southern  army.  What  the  South  suffers  more 
to-day  from  than  anything  else  is  the  destruction  which  it  experi- 
enced of  its  young  manhood,  and  the  strength  and  intellectual 
force  which  it  would  now  enjoy  has  largely  been  impaired  by  the 
fact  that  not  a  tenth  but  probably  fifty  per  cent,  of  those  who 
would  now  represent  the  intellectual  force  and  vigor  and  moral 
grandeur  of  the  country  went  down  to  untimely  graves.  I  there- 
fore ask  what  country  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  what  people  upon 
the  face  of  the  earth,  are  more  interested  in  the  principles  of 
arbitration  and  universal  peace  than  those  who  went  through  that 
fearful  and  trying  ordeal  ? 

The  church  has  advocated  arbitration  in  the  person  of  his 
Eminence,  Cardinal  Gibbons.  General  Miles  representing  the 
soldiery,  has  advocated  it,  and  it  is  no  less  proper  that  those  who 


ADDRESS    OF    HON.    J.    M.    DTCKlNSOf^.  89 

stand  always  as  the  representatives  of  the  forum  should  plant 
themselves  side  by  side  with  the  church  and  with  the  soldiery. 
Indeed  it  may  be  imputed  to  the  lawyers  that  they  are  somewhat 
selfish  in  this  matter  ;  that  if  everything  goes  into  the  courts  of 
arbitration  the  lawyers  will  have  a  picnic  and  a  harvest ;  but  we 
will  say  to  the  soldiers  that  if  they  turn  their  swords  into  pruning- 
hooks  and  if  the  cannon  will  be  turned  into  plowshares,  we  will 
take  them  in  and  march  side  by  side,  as  they  have  always  gene- 
rously opened  their  ranks  to  us  whenever  the  cause  of  the  coun- 
try has  demanded  it.     (Applause  and  laughter.) 

The  general  scope  and  purpose  of  this  resolution  is  to  submit 
as  far  as  practicable  all  questions  to  some  tribunal  where  in  calm- 
ness and  in  judgment,  free  from  passion  stirred  by  controversies 
by  politicians  and  newspapers,  matters  will  be  tried  out  and  the 
facts  ascertained  in  their  last  analysis. 

It  was  suggested  in  the  Conference  this  morning  that  possibly 
there  were  certain  classes  of  questions  that  should  not  be  submitted, 
and  those  questions  were  questions  which  involved  points  of 
honor.  It  is  hard  to  determine  what  is  a  point  of  honor.  We 
know  that  less  than  fifty  years  ago  Washington  had  its  Bladens- 
burg  which  reeked  with  blood  upon  points  of  honor.  Now  this 
community  would  not  for  a  moment  sanction,  and  no  man  could 
stand  in  the  face  of  popular  disapprobation,  upon  the  points  of 
honor  that  even  then  drove  them  to  those  settlements  upon  tlie 
bloody  field  of  the  duel.  And  why  may  it  not  be  that  nations  will 
be  educated  so  that  the  light  of  peace  and  judgment  will  fit  them  like 
a  garment,  just  as  it  now  fits  the  individual  ?  And  it  seems  to 
me  that  it  is  upon  this  very  class  of  questions  that  they  ought  to 
seek  the  interposition  of  some  third  party.  They,  least  of  all, 
probably  are  competent  to  pass  upon  a  mere  question  of  a  point 
of  honor,  and  certainly  least  of  all  are  they  disposed  to  yield  to 
it.  Frequently  they  are  in  the  position  of  the  man  who  had  the 
bear  by  the  ears  and  wanted  someone  to  help  him  turn  the  bear 
loose.  (Laughter.)  And  it  might  be  that  the  interposition  of  impar- 
tial nations,  or  a  tribunal  established  by  impartial  nations,  would 
enable  them  upon  these  very  points  of  honor  to  get  rid  of  the  con- 
troversy which  would  bear  upon  them  very  acutely,  and  it  seems 
to  me  that  of  all  questions  probably  these  very  questions  involving 
points  of  honor  are  the  questions  which  should  be  referred  to 
tribunals  of  this  character.     (Applause.) 


00  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Just  to  illu.sfci-ate,  if  yoii  will  bear  with  me  for  a  moment.  T 
was  at  a  barbecue  once  in  Tennessee,  and  was  talking  to  a  one- 
armed  Baptist  preacher.  The  preacher  said  that  he  believed  in 
the  code  duello.  I  was  shocked  at  his  statement  and  asked  him 
what  he  meant  by  that.  I  said,  ''  A  gentleman  of  your  cloth  be- 
lieves in  the  code  duello  ?  "  He  said,  "  Did  you  ever  see  a  code  ?" 
"  No,  I  never  did,"  I  replied.  "  Well,  if  the  code  is  followed  out 
there  can  never  be  a  duel,"  he  said.  "  How  is  that,"  said  I.  He 
said,  "It  is  the  business  of  those  who  represent  the  combatants 
to  trace  back  by  inverse  method  until  they  get  to  the  first  cause 
of  the  controversy,  the  first  wrong  and  the  first  insult,  and  then 
it  is  their  duty  to  require  that  some  adequate  apology  shall  be 
made."  That  was  in  my  mind  some  years  afterward,  when  two  law- 
yers, both  high-spirited  men,  got  into  a  controversy  and  it  became 
very  certain  that  they  would  have  a  personal  encounter.  Three  or 
four  of  their  friends  got  together  and  consulted  and  asked  them 
if  they  were  willing  to  submit  their  difficulty  to  us  and  abide  by 
whatever  we  would  unanimously  say  should  be  equally  honorable 
to  both  parties.  They  could  not  decline  that.  We  were  their 
brother  lawyers,  their  colleagues,  and  they  consented  to  sign  the 
paper.  Then  we  began  to  trace  back  the  controversy,  writing 
them  notes  and  getting  specific  answers,  and  finally  got  back  to 
the  first  wrong.  We  saw  that  it  originated  in  a  misunderstanding 
and  determined  that  a  proper  apology  should  be  made.  And 
after  all  four  of  these  mutual  friends  had  signed  an  agreement 
we  presented  it  to  them  and  they  were  forced  to  sign  it. 

Now,  what  better  act  could  determine  the  course  of  a  nation 
than  to  have  points  of  honor  determined  by  some  court  of 
the  character  of  The  Hague  Tribunal,  or  by  a  conclusion  of  other 
nations,  and  if  other  nations  said  that  the  point  of  honor  was  sat- 
isfied here,  would  not  that  be  a  better  solution  of  the  question 
than  to  rush  into  war  upon  an  arbitrary  determination  that  they 
would  decide  for  themselves  what  the  satisfaction  of  their  honor 
demanded  ?     (Applause.) 

I  think  that  it  is  very  proper  that  the  overtures  in  a  matter  of 
this  sort  should  come  from  a  great  nation  like  the  American  peo- 
ple and  a  great  nation  like  the  British  people.  If  this  movement 
had  originated  in  some  weak  country  conscious  of  its  own  weak- 
ness it  would  be  different ;  but  America,  that  has  always  been 


ADDRESS    OF    MR.    ANDRKW    CARxVKGIR.  91 

successful  in  arms,  that  has  nothing  to  tear,  can  stand  up  in  its 
grandeur  and  strength  and  make  an  overture  of  peace,  and  make 
that  overture  to  a  country  like  Great  Britnin,  powerful  in  its  con- 
sciousness of  its  strength  and  convinced  that  no  step  that  it  would 
take  in  that  direction  would  be  an  indication  of  any  weakness  on 
its  part. 

Lord  Kussell,  when  he  addressed  the  American  Bar  Associa. 
tion,  at  Saratoga,  referring  to  these  two  nations,  said  that  no 
cause  they  opposed  could  triumph,  that  no  cause  they  espoused 
could  fail.  And  it  will  be  an  auspicious  day  indeed  for  the  world 
if  America  and  Great  Britain  shall  make  a  treaty  of  this  charac- 
ter, and  if  such  a  treaty  be  the  outcome  of  this  Convention  to-day, 
endorsed  as  it  is  by  this  assembly,  then  all  who  have  taken 
a  part  in  it  may  for  all  time  to  come  congratulate  themselves  that 
it  has  been  their  good  fortune  to  be  participants  in  such  a  move- 
ment.    (Applause.) 

The  Chairman.  It  is  not  on  the  program,  but  I  want  to  give 
this  great  audience  an  opportunity  to  endorse  the  resolutions, 
which  you  have  heard  read,  if  you  are  prepared  to  do  so.  I 
should  like  you  to  give  such  an  approval  by  your  vote  of  ayes  to- 
day that  might  be  heard  at  the  other  end  of  Pennsjdvania  avenue. 
(Applause.)  We  want  to  hear  the  ladies'  voices  over  the  tumult  of 
the  men's  voices  here  to-day,  and  I  ask  all  who  believe  that  the 
resolutions  are  right  and  are  in  favor  of  them  to  say  aye. 

The  large  audience  responded  loudly  as  invited. 

The  Chairman.  Is  there  any  person  opposed  to  them  ?  If  so, 
we  will  hear  him. 

There  was  no  response.     (Applause.) 

The  Chairman.  It  would  not  be  complimentary  to  the  gentle- 
men who  have  already  spoken  if  I  said  that  the  Committee  on 
Arrangements  had  reserved  the  best  for  the  last,  but  we  have 
now  to  hear  the  great  apostle  of  arbitration  and  peace,  Andrew 
Carnegie.     (Applause.) 

Address  of  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie. 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  came  to  Washington 
at  the  request  of  one  of  whose  request  to  me  is  as  a  com- 
mand. You  have  heard  strong  tributes  paid  to  our  Chairman, 
Secretary  Foster,  to-day.     He  deserves  every  word  that  has  been 


92  NATIONAL  ARBITRATION  CONP'ERKNCE. 

said.  Altljougli  some  of  yon  who  know  less  than  I  about  it  may 
have  thought  that  his  valuable  services  may  have  been  somewhat 
exaggerated,  it  is  not  so.  I  visited  Washington  once  years  ago  to 
meet  Mr.  Blaine,  Secretary  of  State,  and  President  Harrison, 
upon  a  most  delicate  question  of  international  import.  And 
after  the  policy  had  been  settled  Mr.  Blaine  said  to  me,  walking 
home,  ''  Foster  keeps  us  all  right."     (Applause.) 

Let  me  prophesy,  gentlemen,  this  cause  for  which  we  are  now 
assembled,  his  present  work,  is  to  prove  the  greatest  of  all, 
and  that  if  health  be  spared  him  he  will  be  as  well  known  to  the 
world  as  one  of  our  great  and  wisest  statesmen  as  he  is  now 
known  to  the  few,  his  colleagues  and  friends.     (Applause.) 

1  have  just  been  reminded  that  it  is  eighteen  years  since  I  first 
appeared  in  Washington  before  a  congressional  committee  to  urge 
international  arbitration.  Eight  years  ago  I  had  the  privilege  of 
introducing  to  President  Cleveland  the  Parliamentary  Committee 
from  Great  Britain  who  urged  such  a  treaty  as  we  now  wish 
to  have,  and  to-day  I  begin  again  to  labor  in  the  same  cause. 

A  good  cause,  like  truth,  crushed  to  earth  rises  again.  Phoenix- 
like from  its  ashes ;  it  knows  no  such  word  as  fail ;  the  eter- 
nal years  of  God  are  hers.     (Applause.) 

1  will  delay  you  only  a  moment.  Much  has  been  said  about 
honor.  The  most  dishonored  word  in  the  English  language 
is  honor.  (Applause.)  As  Mr.  Dickinson  has  just  pointed  out, 
fifty  or  sixty  years  ago  honor  would  have  required  you  to  march 
as  Hamilton  did  to  meet  Aaron  Burr.  To-day  the  gentleman  be- 
longing to  the  race  that  speak  the  English  tongue  would  be 
degraded  if  he  fought  a  duel.  Honor  has  changed  ;  it  changes  as 
we  change.  Not  so  long  ago,  even  with  us,  men  were  always 
fearing  lest  they  might  be  dishonored  by  somebody  else ;  now  we 
know  that  is  impossible.  No  man  can  be  dishonored  except 
by  himself.  So  with  nations  ;  all  the  world  combined  cannot 
stain  the  fair  name  of  the  republic.  As  long  as  she  herself  acts 
honorably  she  remains  stainless.  We  develop  and  abolish  the 
duel.  Who  did  it  ?  Our  own  English-speaking  race  ;  and  this  is 
one  of  its  grandest  triumphs.  Let  it  be  our  aim  now  to  take  the 
next  step  forward  and  abolish  international  duels  ;  let  us  have 
them  settled  by  the  supreme  court  of  humanity.  You  have 
spoken  of  The  Hague  Court,  sir.      The  twentieth  century  is  to 


ADDRESS    OF    MR.    ANDREW    CARNEGIE.  93 

be  distiDguished  above  all  other  things  for  this  tribunal.  Histor- 
ians are  to  record  that  there  first  appeared  upon  the  earth  in  this 
century  an  international  court,  the  supreme  court  of  the  world,  as 
you  have  just  said,  to  settle  international  disputes,  and  this  great 
fact  will  make  the  century  famous  in  the  development  of 
man.  Ladies  and  gentlemen,  we  come  together  to  urge  this  cause 
at  an  auspicious  moment.  Never  since  separation  has  the  Eng- 
lish-speaking race  been  so. close  together,  both  in  their  govern- 
ments and  in  their  people.  Do  not  be  afraid;  Mr.  Dickinson  tells 
you  the  truth.  He  has  no  doubt  of  the  answer  we  shall  get  from 
the  other  branch.  Great  Britain.  Great  Britain  longs  for  such  a 
treaty  as  we  propose  to  offer  here. 

Something  was  said  about  the  limitations  of  a  treaty.  I  care 
less  for  the  provisions  of  a  treaty  than  for  the  treaty  itself, 
limited  though  it  may  be  at  first.  I  am  perfectly  willing  to  begin 
with  limitations,  having  such  faith  in  this  that  we  can  trust 
to  long  years  of  peace,  to  kinship,  common  language,  literature, 
religion,  law  to  create  a  public  sentiment  which  will  expand  the 
scope  of  any  treaty  no  matter  how  narrow  it  be  at  the  beginning. 
And  thus  it  is  I  see  that  however  small  the  acorn  may  be 
that  springs,  and  we  plant  from  this  effort  of  to-day,  it  will  grow 
into  the  mighty  oak  under  whose  branches  shelter  will  be  found 
for  the  seed  to  germinate  which  will  bring  peace  to  all  na- 
tions, and  purge  the  earth  of  its  foulest  stain — men  killing  each 
other  in  battle  like  wild  beasts.     (Loud  applause.) 

The  Chairman.  On  behalf  of  the  Conference  I  thank  this  great 
audience  for  their  presence  on  this  auspicious  occasion,  and  their 
interest  in  the  subject  of  arbitration. 

The  exercises  of  the  day  closed  with  the  singing  of  '•'  America  " 
by  the  audience  standing,  led  by  the  U.  S.  Marine  Band. 


International  Arbitration  Conference. 


ENDORSEMENTS  OF  THE  RESOLUTIONS 

BY  VARIOUS  ORGANIZATIONS 

RECEIVED   AFTER  THE   CLOSE   OF  THE 

CONFERENCE. 


Resolutions  Adopted  by  the  National  Board  of  Trade  at  the 
Annual  Meeting  Held  in  Washington,  January  19,  1904. 

Whereas,  the  material  interests  of  our  country  and  of  others 
are  promoted  and  favorably  affected  by  adjustment  of  international 
differences  by  arbitration  through  such  facilities  as  are  afforded 
by  The  Hague  Tribunal  and  others :  therefore, 

Besolved,  hy  the  N'ational  Board  of  Trade,  That  the  progress 
made  and  being  made  by  the  principal  nations  of  the  world  in 
recognition  of  the  principle  and  in  acceptance  of  the  plan  of 
arbitration  as  a  means  for  settlement  of  international  differences 
and  disputes  is  regarded  with  profound  satisfaction  as  in  the 
interest  of  higher  civilization  and  the  welfare  of  all  the  people  of 
the  nations  participating  in  such  peaceful  methods,  and  should 
continue  to  have  every  possible  encouragement  by  our  govern- 
ment. 

The  foregoing  was  followed  by  the  ratification  of  the  resolutions 
passed  by  the  Arbitration  Conference,  January  12,  1904. 


Resolutions  Adopted  by  the  Commercial  Club  of  Chicago. 

I,  RoUin  A.  Keyes,  Secretary  of  the  Commercial  Club  of  Chi- 
cago, do  hereby  certify  that  at  a  regular  meeting  of  the  club 
held  January  30th,  1904,  the  following  resolutions  were  unani- 
mously adopted  : 

(Here  follow  the  preamble  and  resolutions  adopted  by  the  In- 
ternational Arbitration  Conference,  at  Washington,  January  12, 
1904.) 

It  is  further  Icesoloed,  That  the  foregoing  action  of  the  Com- 
mercial Club  of  Chicago  be  communicated  to  the  President  of  the 
ITnited  States,  and   to  the  Houomble  Shelby  M,   Cullom  and 


98 


NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 


the  Honorable  Albert  J.  Hopkius,  United  States  Senators  from 
Illinois. 

Witness  my  hand  this  8th  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1904. 

(Signed)      EOLLIN  A.  KEYES, 

Secretary. 


List  of  Members  of  the  Commercial  Club  of  Chicago. 


George  E.  Adams, 
J.  Ogden  Armour, 
Edward  E.  Ayer, 
Adolphus  C.  Bartlett, 
Enos  M.  Barton, 
William  L.  Brown, 
Eugene  Cary, 
AVilliam  J.  Chalmers, 
John  M.  Clark, 
Albert  J.  Earling, 
James  H.  Eckels, 
J.  Harley  Bradley, 
Bernard  A.  Eckhart, 
John  Y.  Farwell,  Jr., 
Marshall  Field, 
James  B.  Forgan, 
William  A.  Fuller, 
John  J.  Glessner, 
Ernest  A.  Hamil, 
Franklin  H.  Head, 
Harlow  N.  Higinbotham, 
James  L.  Houghteling, 
Marvin  Hughitt, 
Charles  H.  Hulburd, 
Charles  L.  Hutchinson, 
Samuel  Insull, 
Byron  L.  Smith, 
John  A.  Spoor, 
Albert  A.  Sprague, 

William  S. 


Clarence  Buckingham, 
Daniel  H.  Burnham, 
Edward  B.  Butler, 
Herman  B.  Butler, 
Benjamin  Carpenter, 
Leslie  Carter, 
David  B.  Jones, 
Chauncey  Keep, 
Rollin  A.  Keyes, 
Elbridge  G.  Keith, 
Charles  F.  Kimball, 
Herman  H.  Kohlsaat, 
Victor  F.  Lawsou, 
Thies  J.  Lefens, 
Kobert  T.  Lincoln, 
Cyrus  H.  McCormick, 
Henry  J.  Macfarland, 
Franklin  MacVeagh, 
John  J.  Mitchell. 
Joy  Morton, 
Francis  B.  Peabody, 
Erskiue  M.  Phelps, 
Norman  B.  Beam, 
Edward  P.  Ripley, 
Martin  A.  Byerson, 
John  G.  Shedd, 
Louis  F.  Swift, 
Charles  H,  Wacker, 
George  C.  Walker, 
Warren. 


ENDORSEMENTS    OF    RESOLUTIONS.  99 

Eesolutions  Adopted  by  the  New  York  State  Bar  Association. 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jany  21,  1904. 

I  hereby  certify  that,  at  the  twenty-seventh  annual  meeting 
of  the  New  York  State  Bar  Association  held  in  the  Common 
Council  Chamber,  in  the  City  Hall,  at  Albany,  on  the  20th  day 
of  January,  1904,  Everett  P.  Wheeler,  Esq.,  presented  to  the 
meeting  the  resolutions  adopted  by  the  Arbitration  Conference 
held  in  Washington  on  January  12,  1904,  and  on  his  motion  tlie 
following  resolutions  were  unanimously  adopted  : 

I^esolved,  That  the  New  York  State  Bar  Association  concurs  in 
the  resolutions  adopted  by  the  Arbitration  Conference  at  Wash- 
ington, January  12, 1904  ; 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Association  to  co-operate  with  the  committees  appoint- 
ed by  the  Conference,  in  order  to  carry  into  effect  the  resolutions 
adopted  at  Washington. 

Attest : 

FREDERICK  E.  WADHAMS, 

[seal.]  Secretary^  New  York  State  Bar  Association. 


Resolutions  Passed   Unanimously  by  the  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Chamber  of   Commerce,   January   25,   1904. 

Whereas  at  the  National  Arbitration  Conference  held  in  the 
city  of  Washington  on  the  12th  day  of  January,  1904,  the  follow- 
ing resolutions  were  unanimously  passed  : 

[Here  follow  the  resolutions  passed  by  the  Washington  Con- 
ference on  January  12.] 

Now,  therefore,  Risolved  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the 
City  of  New  Haven,  T\vsit  i\\e  Action  of  said  International  Arbi- 
tration Conference  is  heartily  endorsed  and  approved. 

Resolved,  That  the  industrial,  financial  and  commercial  interests 
of  all  nations  are  now  so  closely  interwoven  that  the  loss  or  injury 


100  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

of  one  caused  by  war,  necessarily  becomes,  to  some  extent,  the 
loss  or  injury  of  all. 

Resolved,  That  the  burdens  of  industry  and  commerce  in  sup- 
porting great  armies  and  navies  in  time  of  peace,  as  well  as  of 
war,  will  be  materially  lightened  whenever  from  time  to  time  in- 
ternational arbitration  as  a  substitute  for  war  has  become  the  settled 
policy  of  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  the  other  civilized 
nations  of  the  world. 

Resolved,  That  the  President  of  this  Chamber  of  Commerce  be 
requested  to  cause  copies  of  these  resolutions  to  be  sent  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Senate  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations,  and  to  each 
of  the  Senators  and  Representatives  of  Connecticut  in  the  Congress 
of  the  United  States. 


Resolutions  of  the  New  Haven    (Conn.)  International  Arbi- 
tration Committee,  February  3,  1904. 

(First  reciting  the  resolutions  passed  by  the  Conference  in 
Wiisljington.) 

Now,  therefore,  Resolved  by  the  New  Haven  International 
Arbitration  Committee,  That  the  resolutions  adopted  by  said  Na- 
tional Arbitration  Conference  are  heartily  endorsed  and  approved. 

It  was  voted  that  a  coyjy  of  these  resolutions  be  forwarded  to 
each  of  the  following  named:  President  Roosevelt,  Secretary  of 
State  Hay,  Senators  Hawley  and  Piatt  and  to  the  Chairman  of  the 
Senate  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations. 


Resolution  of  Gloucester,  Mass.,  Board  of  Trade. 

Resolved,  That  the  Gloucester  Board  of  Trade,  representing 
the  commercial  and  industrial  interests  of  Gloucester,  considers 
the  consolidation    of   friendship    between  this  country  and    the 


^:Nl)OKSKMENtS    Oy    KESOLl'TlONS.  lOl 

United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  a  necessity 
for  the  prosperity  of  commercial  intercourse  between  the  two 
nations,  and  welcomes  heartily  the  proposal  to  reopen  negotia- 
tions for  a  permanent  treaty  of  arbitration  between  them  as  pro- 
moting this  object. 

Resolved,^  That  such  a  treaty  between  the  two  great  Anglo- 
Saxon  peoples  moreover  would  advance  the  cause  of  perma- 
nent peace  throughout  the  civilized  world. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  be  forwarded  to  the 
United  States  Senators  and  members  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives representing  Massachusetts  in  Congress. 

A  true  copy. 

Attest :  E.  K.  BURNHAM, 

Secretary. 


International  Arbitration  Conference. 


LETTERS  RECEIVED  BY  THE  COMMITTEE  FROM 
THOSE  UNABLE  TO  BE  PRESENT  AT  THE 
MEETINGS  BUT  EXPRESSING  SYMPATHY 
IN  THE  OBJECTS  OF  THE  CONFER- 
ENCE,  WITH  OCCASIONAL  - 
QUOTATIONS. 


,  LETTEKS  RECEIVED  BY  THE  EXECUTIVE 

r  COMMITTEE. 

Col.  Archer  Anderson,  Richmond,  Va. 

Hon.  Max  Abler,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

President   Edwin  A.    Alderman,    Tulane  University,  New    Or- 
\  leans. 

KuFUS  A.  Ayers,  Esq.,  Big  Stone  Gap,  Ya. 

Hon.  Henry  M.  Atkinson,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

President  James  B.  Angell,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor. 

Hon.  Charles  F.  Adams,  Boston,  Mass. 
I        Hon.  Frank  M.  Angellotti,  Associate  Justice,   Supreme  Court 
of  California : 

[■  The  work  proposed  is  one  that  should  have  the  hearty  support  and  sympathy  of 

all  good  citizens. 

James  W.  Alexander,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Hon.  Milton  E.  Ailes,  Washington,  D.  C. 
FiNLEY  Acker,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
Gen.  William  A.  Aiken,  Norwich,  Conn. : 

The  end  to  be  attained  is  certainly  worthy  of  the  sympathy  of  every  good  citi- 
zen of  our  great  republic. 

Hon.  WiiJjIAM  A.  Anderson,  Attorney  General  of  Virginia : 

The  objects  which  your  Association  is  organized  to  promote  appeal  forcibly  to 
any  one  who  has  the  interest  of  his  fellow-men  at  heart,  and  I  wish  the  Association 
God-speed  in  their  work. 

Kev.  Dr.  Lyman  Abbott,  New  York  : 

I  should  like  to  be  recorded  as  being  very  heartily  in  favor  of  the  movement  in 
our  time  to  secure  the  settlement  of  international  difficulties  by  the  appeal  to 
reason  rather  than  by  the  appeal  to  force  ;  that  is,  by  judicial  proceedings,  not  by 
war.  I  should  be  very  glad  to  see  a  treaty  made  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  by  which  those  two  countries  would  agree  to  submit  all  questions 
that  may  arise  between  them  to  The  Hague  Tribunal,  or,  if  that  is  impracticable,  to 
some  other  form  of  pacific  arbitration. 


106  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Hon.  Charles  B.  Aycock,  Governor  of  North  Carolina. 

I  am  in  full  sympathy  with  the  work  of  the  Conference. 

E.    Benjamin   Andrews,    LL.  D.,  Chancellor,  University  of  Ne- 
braska. 

« 
Hon.  Edward  Atkinson,  Boston,  Mass. : 

y  Our  movement  must  now  pass  on  into  the  practical  and  definite  demand 
from  the  chambers  of  commerce  of  this  country  for  a  treaty  with  the  United  King- 
dom and  then  with  France  and  Germany. 

Joseph  Bryan,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 

Prof.  M.  G.    Brumbaugh,  University  of  Pennsylvania  : 

I  *  *  *  hasten  to  assure  you  of  my  abiding  interest  in  the  cause  of  arbitration. 

*  *  * 

A.  C.  Braxton,  Esq.,  Staunton,  Va. 
Carter  Berkeley,  Esq.,  Staunton,  Ya.  : 

I  can  safely  say  that  it  is  a  widespread  sentiment  throughout  Virginia  that  just 
such  a  treaty  between  this  country  and  England  as  this  Conference  will  seek 
to  bring  about  ought  to  be  adopted. 

Charles  M.  Busbee,  Esq.,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Helm  Bruce,  Esq.,  Louisville,  Ky. 

J.  C.  Bahlhorn,  Esq.,  LaFayette,  Ind. 

Hon.  J.  C.  W.  Beckham,  Governor  of  Kentucky  : 

Sends  hopes  that  the  result  of  the  Conference  will  prove  of  much  benefit  to  the 
cause  it  advocates. 

Hon.  James  A.  Beaver,  Justice  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Penn- 
sylvania : 

The  time  for  such  a  movement  seems  to  be  entirely  auspicious,  and  I  hope  the 
movement  will  receive  great  impetus  from  the  sessions  of  the  Conference  as  pro- 


RiCHARD  H.  Battle,  Esq.,  Raleigh,  N.  C.  : 

Among  Christian  nations,  in  these  days  of  increasing  civilization,  it  seems  to  me 
all  questions  in  difference  should  be  settled  by  mutual  concessions  of  the  parties,  or, 
failing  that,  by  arbitration,  so  as  to  exclude  the  possibility  of  a  resort  to  arms. 

Hon.  Cornelius  N.  Bliss,  New  York. 
Otto  T.  Barnard,  Esq.,  New  York. 


J.KTl'ERS    KECEIVED    JiY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  107 

A.  C.  Bartlett,  Esq.,  Chicago. 

Hon.  Thomas  Burke,  Seattle,  Washington. 

E.  T.  Barton,  Esq.,  Winchester,  Ya. 

Hon.  John  L.  Bates,  Governor  of  Massachusetts. 

(For  letter  see  page  44.) 
Capt.  James  Bumgardner,  Staunton,  Virginia. 
W.  Cabell  Bruce,  Esq.,  City  Solicitor,  Baltimore. 
George  E.  Bartol,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Hon.  William  C.  P.  Breckinridge,  Lexington,  Ky. : 

I  have  always  been  an  advocate  of  some  more  feasible  system  of  inter- 
national arbitration, — the  creation  by  treaty  of  international  tribunals  and  some 
ready  and  peaceable  mode  of  adjusting  national  differences. 

Henry  D.  Burnes,  M.  D.,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Temple  Bodley,  Esq.,  Yalmora  Eanch,  New  Mexico. 
Hon.  James  M.  Barrett,  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.  : 

It  is  a  particularly  auspicious  time  for  the  holding  of  such  Conference  when  the 
clouds  of  war  seem  to  be  lowering  in  the  East,  and  I  doubt  not  that  the  great  work 
of  your  Conference  will  greatly  contribute  to  the  realization  of  the  hopes  of  the 
great  body  of  American  people  to  avert  the  calamities  of  war  between  the  nowap- 
parently  belligerent  great  nations. 

James  Wilson  Bayard,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  M.  P.  Burks,  Washington  and  Lee  University,  Lexington,  Ya. 

Hon.  W.  D.  Bloxham,  Tallahassee,  Fla.  : 

I  trust  that  your  counsels  may  result  in  strongly  tending  to  consecrate  the 
statesmanship  of  the  country  to  the  cause  of  international  arbitration,  and  that  our 
civilization   will   evolve  a  strifeless  progress  while  Janus  rests  with  rusted  door. 

George  F.  Baer,  Esq.,  Prest.,  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad 
Company,  Philadelphia  : 

I  am  in  hearty  sympathy  with  every  movement  tending  to  settle  national  differ- 
ences by  arbitration,  and  will  gladly  do  whatever  is  within  my  power  to  strengthen 
public  opinion  in  its  favor. 

Hon.  John  H.  Baker,  Retired  IJ.  S.  District  Judge,  Goshen,  Ind. : 

I  earnestly  sympathize  in  the  purposes  of  the  Conference. 

Edward  Brooks,  Esq.,  Board  of  Public  Education,  Philadelphia. 


108  KATIUNAL    AKBltRAtlON    CONFF^RFNOW. 

Dr.  Edwakd  a.  Birge,  Acting  President,  University  of  Wisconsin  : 

I  sympathize  very  strongly  with  the  purposes  of  the  Arbitration  Conference. 

Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce  : 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  represent  the  Chamber  at  the  Conference.     (For 
resohitions  see  page  43.) 

Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Buffalo,  New  York. 
Hon.  Noble  C.  Butler,  Indianapolis,  Ind.  : 

In  my  opinion,  the  objects  of  the  Conference  should  have  the  earnest  support  of 
all  patriotic  citizens. 

Brest.  Wm.  L.  Bryan,  Indiana  University. 

Hon.  Simeon  E.  Baldwin,  Judge  Supreme  Court  of  Errors,  New 

Haven,  Conn. 
Hon.  R.  W.  BuTTERFiELD,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 
Wm.  p.  Bancroft,  Esq.,  Wilmington,  Del. 
Brest.  H.  B.  Brown,  Valparaiso  College,  Indiana. 
Hon.  Chas.  Jerome  Bonaparte,  Baltimore  Md. 
Brest.  J.  W.  Bashford,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  Delaware,  O. 
Brest.  S.  B.  Brooks,  Baylor  University,  Waco,  Texas. 
Arthur  Brock,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
William  Babcock,  Esq.,  San  Francisco. 
Chas.  E.  Bolling,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Ya. 
Hon.   Beverly  T.   Crump,   Chairman   of  the   State  Corporation 

Commission  of  Virginia : 

The  objects  and  purposes  of  the  Arbitration  Conference  should  have  the  best 
wishes,  as  well  as  the  co-operation  of  all  our  citizens. 

Hon.  William  E.  Cameron,  Petersburg,  Va. 
Hon.  M.  L.  Crawford,  Dallas,  Texas: 

It  does  appear  to  me  that  the  time  has  come  when  "Good  men  should  cease  to  kill 
good  men,  and  patriots  cease  to  butcher  patriots." 

William  Edmond  Curtis,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Hon.  John  G.  Carlisle,  ex- Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  New  York. 

Hon.  Donelson  Caffery,  Franklin,  La. 

Charles  J.  Cohen,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 


LETTERS    RKCEIVKI)    BY    THE    KXECrTIVK    COMMITTEE.  109 

Hon.    Grover   Cleveland,  ex-President    of   the  United  States, 
Princeton,  N.  J. 

(For  letter  see  page  75.) 
Hon.  Adrian  Chamberlain,  Governor  of  Conaecticut: 

I  am  very  much  interested  in  this  matter  aud  trust  that  it  will  have  the  success 
that  it  deserves. 

Henry  J.  Cookinham,  Esq.,  Utica,  N.  Y : 

I  am  most  heartily  in  favor  of  the  movement  undertaken  by  the  Couimittee,  aud 
siocerely  hope  for  the  buccess  of  its  endeavor. 

A.  H.  Christian,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Eiclimond,  Va  : 

I  trust  sincerely  that  the  movement  may  result  in  great  good. 

H.  L.  Cabell,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Cincinnati : 

Expressions  of  sympathy  were  forwarded  through  the  Superintendent,  Mr  C.  B. 
Murray. 

Hon.  George  E.  Chamberlain,  Governor  of  Oregon  : 

I  sincerely  trust  that  the  deliberations  of  the  Conference  soon  to  be  held  may  be 
characterized  by  a  harmonious  and  patriotic  spirit,  and  that  they  may  result, 
in  bringing  about  the  adoption  of  a  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  by  the  terms  of  which  these  two  great  powers  may  be  brought  to  agree  to 
resort  to  The  Hague  Tribunal  in  those  cases  not  susceptible  of  diplomatic  settle- 
ment, and  under  such  conditions  as  will  fully  protect  the  rights  of  the  high  con- 
tracting parties. 

Hon.  Patrick  Collins,  Major  of  the  City  of  Boston  : 

While  sympathizing  with  the  object  and  purposes  of  the  meeting  to  be  held  in 
Washington  on  January  12,  it  will  be  impossible  for  me  to  attend. 

Hon.  W.  BotJRKE  CoCKRAN,  New  York  : 

The  meeting  of  your  society  shows  a  universally  growing  demand  among 
men  for  peace,  and  what  men  demand  unanimously  they  obtain  inevitably.  That 
man  has  already  begun  to  appreciate  the  benefits  which  would  flow  from  general 
disarmament  is  clearly  shown  by  the  establishment  of  The  Hague  Tribunal.  *  *  * 
I  venture  to  suggest,  however,  that  a  movement  for  arbitration  to  be  succe.ss- 
ful  should  be  general. 

Joseph  B.  Cumming;  Esq.,  Augusta,  Ga. 
John  H.  Converse,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
Julian  S.  Carr,  Esq.,  Durham,  N.  C. 


110  NATIONAL    AKBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

George  L.  Christian,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 
Hon.  Henry  B.  Coman,  Morrisville,  N.  Y. : 

I  am  in  most  hearty  sympathy  with  the  purposes  and  spirit  of  your  organization, 
and  earnestly  hope  that  the  result  of  your  efforts  may  be  all  that  you  desire. 

William  E.  Gushing,  Esq.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Hon.  John  Cummeen,  Attorney  General,  State  of  New  York. 

LuciAN  H.  Cocke,  Esq.,  Roanoke,  Va. 

Hon.  Albert  B.  Cummins,  Governor  of  Iowa  : 

I  know  of  no  subject  better  entitled  to  the  serious  and  persistent  consideration 
of  our  public  men  than  the  one  to  which  your  Confereucn  will  give  attention.  I 
feel  that  its  development  will  do  more  for  the  welfare  of  humanity  than  the  growth 
of  commerce  or  the  enlargement  of  sovereignty. 

Hon.  Alphonso  P.  Clearwater,  Kingstou,  N.  Y. 
Henry  C.  Coke,  Esq.,  Dallas,  Texas. 
Hon.  JosiAH  Crosby,  Dexter,  Me. 
John  G.  Capers,  Esq.,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
Bernard  Carter,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 
Col.  Thomas  H.  Carter,  University  of  Virginia. 
Hon.  T.  D.  CoBBS,  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Hon.  Alden  Chester,  Justice  Supreme  Court  of   New  York,  Al- 
bany : 

Expresses  deep  interest  in  the  Conference. 

Hon.  W.  A.  Candler,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Hon.  Henry  G.  Danforth,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Brest.  Andrew  S.  Draper,  LL.  D.,  University  of  Illinois,   Cham- 
paign. 
Hon.  A.  M.  DocKERY,  Governor  of  Missouri : 
Sends  best  wishes  for  the  success  of  the  occasion. 

Thos.  Dolan,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

H.  H.  Downing,  Esq.,  Front  Royal,  Virginia. 

William  T.  Dixon,  Esq.,  President,  I^ational  Exchange  Bank  of 

Baltimore. 
Hon.  George  Du  Relle,  Louisville,  Ky. 


LETl'ERS   RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  Ill 

Hon.  William  F.  Draper,  Massachusetts. 

Dr.    James  R.  Day,  Chancellor,  Syracuse  University,  Syracuse, 

N.  Y. 
Cleveland  H.  Dodge,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Samuel  Dickson,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
JosEPHUS  Daniels,  Esq.,  Editor  "  News  and  Observer,"  Raleigh, 

N.  C: 

There  is  uo  public  service  more  important  than  the  objects  of  this  Conference. 

Rt.  Rev.  T.  M.  Dudley,  Bishop  of  Kentucky,  Louisville,  Ky.  : 

I  am  profoundly  interested  in  the  purposes  of  the  Conference. 

James  H.  Dooley,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. : 

The  object  to  be  attained  is  one  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  nations  con- 
cerned, and  to  the  whole  world. 

R.  T.  W.  Duke,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Charlottesville,  Ya. 
Major  Thomas  C.  Elder,  Staunton,  Virginia : 

My  best  wishes  will  be  with  the  Conference,  and  I  hope  that  the  efforts  of  the 
friends  of  international  arbitration  will  be  crowned  with  success. 

Arthur  J.  Eddy,  Esq.,  Chicago. 

J.  Taylor  Ellyson,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Edward  Echols,  Esq.,  Staunton,  Va. 

Hon.  James  H.  Eckels,  Chicago: 

I  am  strongly  impressed  with  the  character  of  the  work  itself,  and  the  good  that 
may  be  accomplished  by  carrying  it  through. 

President    Charles  W.  Elliott,   LL.    D.,   Harvard   University, 

Cambridge,  Mass. 
Hon.  Geo.  F.  Edmunds,  Vermont  : 

I  earnestly  hope  that  your  meeting  may  be  a  full  one,  and  that  it  will  speak 
strongly  in  support  of  the  great  principle  of  international  arbitration,  the  practice 
of  which  seems  to  be  more  and  more  demanded  to  rectify  and  mitigate  the  turbu- 
lent fevers  of  the  times. 

Marshall  Field,  Esq.,  Chicago. 
Hon.  Chas.  E.  Fenner,  New  Orleans. 


112  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Hon.  David  R.  Francis,  President,  Universal  Exposition,  1904, 

St.  Lonis. 
Hon.  Joseph  W.  Folk,  Circuit  Attorney,  St.  Louis. 
Edgar  H.  Farrar,  Esq.,  New  Orleans. 
Sydney  G.  Fisher,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
Hon.  Francis  P.  Fleming,  Jacksonville,  Fla. : 

a  treaty  between  the  two  great  Anglo-Saxon  nations,  providing  for  the  arbitra- 
tion of  all  questions,  so  far  as  consistent  with  national  honor,  is  an  object  which 
should  commend  itself  to  the  approbation  of  all  patriotic  people  of  our  country. 

Hon.  Henry  Fairfax,  Richmond,  Va. 

Hon.  John  Field,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  Julius  Fleischmann,  Mayor  of  Cincinnati : 

The  work  which  the  International  Arbitration  Conference  is  engaged  in  is  one 
which  must  commend  itself  to  all  the  people  of  the  United  States, 

Charles  J.  Green,  Esq.,  Omaha,  Neb. : 

I  am  deeply  interested  in  the  movement  to  secure  a  treaty  of  arbitration  between 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  and  am  ready  and  anxious  to  contribute 
whatever  I  may  to  its  success. 

E.  Stanley  Gary,  Esq.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
John  B.  Garrett,  Esq.,  Rosemont,  Pa. 
Prof.  Nathan  Green,  Lebanon,  Tenn.  : 

This  is  written  to  assure  you  of  my  full  sympathy  with  the  object  of  the  meet- 
ing. 

Rt.  Rev.  Thomas  F.  Gailor,  Bishop  of  Tennessee  : 

I  send  the  assurance  of  my  hearty  sympathy  and  of  my  prayers  for  God's  bless- 
ing upon  the  movement. 

A.  P.  Gillespie,  Esq.,  Tazewell,  Va. 

Hon.  John  Garber,  San  Francisco. 

Hon.  E.  B.  Gager,  Justice,  Superior  Court,  Derby,  Conn. 

J.  L.  Grandin,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Frank  T.  Glasgow,  Esq.,  Lexington,  Virginia. 

Rt.  Rev.  Charles  B.  Galloway,  Jackson,  Miss. 

Samuel  C.  Graham,  Esq.,  Tazewell,  Va. : 

,    There  is  no  act  left  to  be  accomplished  by  great  and  friendly  nations  equal  to 
the  result  sought  by  youi'  Conference, 


LETTERS    RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  113 

George  E.  Gaither,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 
William  A.  Glasgow,  Esq.,  Eoauoke,  Ya. 

John    Temple  Graves,  Esq.,    Editor,  "Atlanta  News,"  Atlanta, 
Georgia : 

I  am  in  profound  and  hearty  sympathy  with  the  spirit  and  motive  of  the  organ- 
ization. 

William  W.  Gordon,  Esq.,  Savannab,  Ga. 

Hon.  Charles  F.  Grainger,  Mayor  of  Louisville. 

Gen.  John  B.  Gordon,  Georgia. 

Hon.  P.  S.   Grosscup,  Judge,  U.  S.   Circuit   Court  of   Appeals, 

Chicago. 
Hon.  John  Goode,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Theodore  S.  Garnett,  Esq.,  Norfolk,  Va. 
Armistead  C.  Gordon,  Esq.,  Staunton,  Ya. 
Hon.  John  Hunn,  Governor  of  Delaware : 

It  surely  looks  as  if  arbitration  were  much  needed  just  now,  aud  I  firmly  believe 
it  to  be  the  only  civilized  manner  of  settling  all  questions  in  dispute. 

Hon.  William  D.  Hoard,  Fort  Atkinson,  Wis. 

Prest.  Wm.  K.  Harper,  LL.  D.,  University  of  Chicago. 

Hon.  Myron  T.  Herrick,  Governor  of  Ohio. 

Prest.  Wm.  D.  W.  Hyde,  LL.  D.,  Bowdoin  College,  Me. 

Henry  L.  Higginson,  Esq.,  Boston. 

Dean  H.  B.  Hutchins,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor. 

Dr.  C.  C.  Harrison,  Provost,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Phila. 

Hon.  Benton  Hanchitt,  Saginaw,  Mich. 

Hon.  D.  C.  Heyward,  Governor  of  South  Carolina. 

J  AS.  L.  Houghteling,  Esq.,  Chicago. 

Prest.  Arthur  T.  Hadley,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. : 

I  sympathize  most  heartily  with  the  object  which  you  have  in  view,  and  wish  all 
success  to  the  measure  which  you  are  trying  to  promote. 

Hon.  W.  W.  Howe,  New  Orleans. 
Wm.  B.  Hornblower,  Esq.,  New  York : 

I  sympathize  most  strongly  with  the  purposes  of  the  Conference. 


114  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Hamilton  Holt,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the  "  Independent,"  New  York  : 

I  conceive  this  to  be  one  of  the  most  important  things  now  before  the  world, 

Hon.  Eppa  Hunton,  Jr.,  Kichmond,  Ya. : 

I  feel  deeply  and  profoundly  interested  in  the  object  of  this  Conference,  and  it 
seems  to  me  there  was  never  a  time  so  opportune  in  the  history  of  this  government 
when  the  aims  and  purposes  of  the  Conference  should  be  more  potentially  exer- 
cised. 

Hon.  Chas.  S.  Hamlin,  Boston,  Mass. 

Hon.  Alexander  P.  Humphrey,  Louisville,  Ky. 

Hon.  JuDSON  Harmon,  Cincinnati,  O. : 

I  shall  be  glad  to  render  any  aid  in  my  power,  and  will  thank  you  to  let  me  know 
what  I  can  do. 

James  C.  Hemphill,  Esq.,  Editor,  "News  and  Courier,"  Charles- 
ton, S.  C. : 

I  *  *  *  feel  deeply  interested  in  the  settlement  of  international  contro- 
versies by  the  arbitrament  of  reason  rather  than  by  that  of  the  sword. 

Prest.  Henry  Hopkins,  Williams  College,  Williamstown,  Mass. 
William  D.  Huber,  Esq.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Clark  Howell,  Esq.,  Editor,   "  Atlanta  Constitution,"  Atlanta, 
Georgia : 

It  is  needless  for  me  to  say  that  I  am  heartily  in  sympathy  with  the  purpose  of 
the  Conference,  and  that  I  hope  the  approaching  meeting  will  be  productive  of  sub- 
stantial results. 

Hon.  Hilary  A.  Herbert,  ex-Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Hon.  William  F.  Harrity,  Philadelphia : 

I  am  in  entire  and  hearty  accord  with  the  movement  for  International  Arbitra- 
tion. 

Alcaeus  Hooper,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 
Samuel  F.  Houston,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

John  Hopewell,  Esq.,  Presfc.,  Cambridge  Trade  Ass'n,  Cambridge, 
Mass. : 
The  time  is  favorable  and  the  good  work  must  be  pushed. 


LETTERS    RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  115 

R.  D.  Haislip,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  Dispatch,"  Staunton,  Va. 
Prest.  George  Harris,  Amherst  College,  Amherst,  Mass. : 

With  the  objects  of  the  Conference  I  heartily  sympathize. 

Richard  L.  Hand,  Esq.,  Elizabethtown,  N.  Y. : 

It  is  difficult  to  conceive  of  anything  more  important  or  full  of  beneficent  prom- 
ise than  the  work  of  the  National  Arbitration  Committee,  which  has  my  most 
sincere  approval,  sympathy  and  admiration, 

Hon.  Oscar  R.  Hundley,  Huntsville,  Ala.: 

My  whole  heart  is  with  you  in  the  objects  sought  to  be  obtained. 

Charles  Hartshorne,  Esq.,  Pennsylvania. 
D.  A.  Hayes,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
Hon.  Fayette  Hewitt,  Frankfort,  Ky. 
Robert  M.  Hughes,  Esq.,  Norfolk,  Va. 
Hon.  John  Freemont  Hill,  Governor  of  Maine. 
Hon.  Carter  H.  Harrison,  Mayor  of  Chicago. 

(For  letter  see  page  29.) 
R.  Tate  Irvine,  Esq.,  Big  Stone  Gap,  Ya. : 

I  heartily  endorse  the  purposes  of  this  Conference,  and  shall  always  be  glad  to 
do  anything  in  my  power  to  promote  the  ends  aimed  at. 

Hon.  Grenville  M.  Ingalsbe,  Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y. : 

I  assure  you  of  my  hearty  sympathy  in  an  immediate  and  forceful  endeavor  to 
secure  the  negotiation  and  ratification  of  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  by  which  cer- 
tain cases  of  disagreement,  if  arising  between  the  two  countries,  shall  be  referred 
to  The  Hague  Tribunal. 

Morris  K.  Jesup,  Esq.,  New  York  City. 
James  U.  Jackson,  Esq.,  Augusta,  Ga. 
Hon.  Tom  L.  Johnson,  Mayor  of  Cleveland. 

President  Edmund   J.  James,    LL.  D.,  Northwestern  University, 
Chicago  : 

I  regard  this  as  a  very  important  matter.  I  am  going  to  try  to  organize  a  local 
committee,  which  will  assist  in  stirring  up  interest  in  this  city  for  the  movement. 
If  I  can  be  of  any  assistance  in  the  work  of  the  National  Committee,  I  am  at  your 
service. 


IIG  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Prest.  Richard  Henry   Jesse,  LL.   D.,  University  of  Missouri, 

Columbia,  Mo. 
Charles  P.  Jones,  Esq.,  Monterey,  Va. 
Hod.  E.  H.  Jeffrey,  Mayor  of  Columbus,  Ohio  : 

The  importance  of  such  a  Conference  must  be  appreciated  by  thinking  people 
throughout  the  country,  and  I  would  consider  it  a  privilege  to  be  present. 

Hod.  Samuel  M.  Jones,  Mayor  of  Toledo,  Ohio  : 

I  most  surely  am  for  arbitration,  and  I  am  for  it  so  thoroughly  that  I  won't  light 
*  *  *  but  I  won't  run  ;  I  will  stand. 

Herman  Justi,  Esq.,  Chicago. 

Prof.  William  James,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Hon.  W.  M.  Kavanaugh,  Judge,  Pulaski  County,  Arkansas  : 
I  am  heartily  in  sympathy  with  the  movement.     *     *     * 

Daniel  J.  Keefe,  Esq.,  Detroit,  Michigan. 

Et.  Kev.  William  J.  Kenny,  Bishop  of  Florida  : 

I  trust  that  the  hopes  that  prompted  the  call  to  this  meeting  will  be  fully  realized. 

Prest.  William  F.  King,  Cornell  College,  Mt.  Vernon,  Iowa. 
Hon.  Marcus  P.  Knowlton,  Springfield,  Mass.  : 

I  have  great  hopes  of  a  potent  influence  from  this  meeting. 

Hon.  Otto  Kirchner,  Detroit,  Mich. : 

The  object  of  the  Conference  is  especially  dear  to  me,  and  I  shall  deem  it  both  a 
pleasure  and  an  honor  to  do  what  I  can  to  promote  it  in  every  proper  way. 

Seaman  A.  Knapp,  Esq.,  Lake  Charles,  La. 

Dr.  J.  H.  Kirkland,  Chancellor,  Vanderbilt  TJniversity,  Nashville, 

Tenu. 
Chas.  W.  Knapp,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  KepubHc,"  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Hon.  E.  W.  Kruttschnitt,  New  Orleans. 
Prest.  Henry  C.  King,  LL.  D.,  Oberlin  College,  Oberlin,  O.  : 

I  need  hardly  say  that  I  am  in  the  very  heartiest  sympathy  with  this  whole 
movement. 

Hermann  H.  Kohlsaat,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  Record-Herald,"  Chicago. 


LETTERS    RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  Il7 

Hon.  Erastus  C.  Knight,  Mayor  of  Buffalo : 

Personally,  I  favor  the  adoption  of  a  treaty  between  these  two  nations  under 
which  both  would  resort  to  The  Hague  Tribunal  for  the  purpose  of  adjusting  ques- 
tions not  susceptible  of  diplomatic  settlement.  I  recognize  this  as  one  of  the  most 
important  subjects  before  the  people  to-day,  and  sincerely  trust  that  the  coming 
Conference  will  result  in  the  accomplishment  of  another  step  towards  the  success- 
ful fulfillment  of  the  project. 

Kansas  City  (Mo.)  Board  of  Trade. 

The  following  expression  of  sympathy  was  forwarded  : 

Jie.'iolved,  That  the  Board  of  Trade  is  in  full  sympathy  and  accord  with  the  doc- 
trine of  international  arbitration  and  with  the  efforts  and  purposes  of  a  National 
Arbitration  Conference,  and  sends  greetings  and  best  wishes  for  its  meeting  to  be 
held  in  the  citj'  of  Washiugton,  o*n  January  12th. 

Hon.  Horace  H.  Lurton,  Judge,  U.    S.  Circuit  Court,  Nashville, 
Tenn. : 

I  am  in  entire  sympathy  with  the  objects  and  purposes  of  your  Committee  and 
should  be  glad,  indeed,  to  co-operate  in  any  way  that  is  feasible. 

Hon.  J.  A.  Lemcke,  Indianapolis. 
Charles  T.  Lassiter,  Esq.,  Petersburg,  Va. 
H.,D.  Lafferty,  Esq.,  Roanoke,  Va. 
William  M.  Ladd,  Esq.,  Portland,  Oregon  : 

I  am  heartily  in  sympathy  with  the  movement  and  shall  take  an  interest  in  the 
growth  of  the  sentiment  which  you  are  developing  and  endeavor  to  co-operate  as  I 
am  able. 

Hon.  R.  M.  LaFollette,  Governor  of  Wisconsin. 

Victor  F.  Lawson,  Esq.,  Chicago. 

Lunsford  L.  Lewis,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 

General  Stephen  T).  Lee,  Prest.,  Mississippi  Historical  Society, 

Columbus,  Miss. 
Los  Angeles  (Cal.)  Board  of  Trade. 

Expressions  of  good  will  were  forwarded. 

Los  Angeles  (Cal.)  Chamber  of  Commerce  : 

The  President  of  the  Chamber  appointed  a  delegate  to  attend  the  Conference. 

Little  Rock  (Ark.)  Board  of  Trade. 

The  Board  appointed  a  delegate  to  the  Conference. 


118  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

George  B.  Leighton,  Esq.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. : 

The  work  you  have  in  mind  seems  to  me  to  be  of  high  importance,  and  I  trust  that 
for  the  benefit  of  future  generations  and  of  Anglo-Saxon  supremacy  it  may  be  ac- 
complished in  time. 

L.  L.  Lewis,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Hon.  Seth  Low,  Mayor  of  New  York. 

Amos  E.  Little,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

W.  H.  Landes,  Esq.,  Staunton,  Va. 

Hon.  John  D.  Long,  ex-Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Hingham,  Mass. : 

My  heart  is  with  you  in  this  good  cause. 

Hon.  Walter  S.  Logan,  New  York  : 

I  am  in  earnest  sympathy  with  the  cause. 

James  M.  Lynoh,  Esq.,  Indianapolis. 

Hon.  Alexander  R.  Lawton,  Savannah,  Ga. 

E.  G.  Leigh,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Ya. : 

I  sympathize  most  sincerely  with  the  great  object  the  Committee  has  in  view. 

Rev.  Dr.  McKim,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Hon.  J.  G.  McCullough,  Governor  of  Vermont : 
I  am  heartily  in  favor  of  the  object  of  the  Conference, 

Hon.  A.  J.  Montague,  Governor  of  Virginia : 

I  earnestly  trust  that  the  coming  meeting  may  be  even  more  fruitful  of  achieve- 
ments than  your  former  Conferences,  and  assure  you  of  my  poor  but  sincere  con- 
currence in  the  objects  of  your  exalted  and  altruistic  undertaking.  Kational  and 
enlightened  governments  can  find  but  few  excuses  for  the  settlement  of  interna- 
tional differences  by  any  other  method  than  arbitration. 

Hon.  Robert  M.  M'Lane,  Mayor  of  Baltimore. 

Hon.  Augustus  S.  Miller,  Mayor  of  Providence,  R.  I. 

George  E.  McNeill,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Dr.  St.  Clair  McKelway,  Editor,  "  Brooklyn  Eagle  : " 

You  can  rely  upon  my  hearty  support  of  the  conclusions  and  recommendations 
which  the  coming  Conference  will  reach  on  the  subject  of  arbitration. 

Bernard  Mann,  Esq.,  Petersburg,  Va. 


LETTERS    RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  119 

Cyrus  H.  McCormick,  Esq.,  Chicago : 

I  shall  be  with  you  in  spirit,  and  shall  be  glad  to  do  anything  I  can  to  promote 
the  success  of  the  arbitration  movement. 

Prest.  James  MacAlester,  Drexel  Institute,  Philadelphia. 
Samuel  Mather,  Esq.,  Cleveland,  O.  : 

I  am  heartily  interested  in  the  aims  of  your  Committee. 

John  G.  Milburn,  Esq.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Garret  W.  McEnerney,  Esq.,  San  Francisco  : 

I  am  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  objects  of  the  Conference. 

Edward  J.  McDermott,  Esq.,  Louisville,  Ky. : 

I  am  in  sympathy  with  your  plans  and  I  hope  you  will  succeed. 

Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  Philadelphia. 
Wyndham  R.  Meredith,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 
Dean  James  C.  McRae,  LL.   D.,   University  of  North  Carolina, 
Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. : 

May  I  express  to  the  committee  my  sincere  hope  that  their  Conference  may  ad- 
vance the  good  work  in  which  they  are  engaged  and  contribute  largely  to  the 
object  they  have  in  view — the  treaty  of  arbitration  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  and  farther,  to  like  treaties  between  all  the  civilized  nations 
on  earth. 

W.  Gordon  McCabe,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 

Minneapolis  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Dr.  S.  E.  Mezes,  University  of  Texas,  Austin  : 

I  hope  the  Conference  will  be  successful,  and  especially  that  it  may  accomplish 
the  immediate  object  for  which  it  is  called. 

Hon.  Henry  G.  McBride,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Washington. 
Hon.  William  A.  Milliken,  Tennessee  : 

I  assure  you  of  my  cordial  endorsement  of  the  object  of  your  Conference, 
and  will  be  only  too  glad  to  add  my  mite  in  increasing  and  strengthening  its  in- 
fluence towards  the  final  attainment  of  its  noble  ends. 

Hon.  George  B.  McClellan,  Mayor  of  New  York. 
(For  letter  see  page  28.) 


120  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

John  Mitchell,  Esq.,  Pres.   United   Mine   Workers  of   xlmerica, 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

(For  letter  see  page  32.) 
W.  L.  McLean,  Esq.,  Editor   "Evening  Balletiu, "  Philadelphia. 
Beverly  B.  Munford,  Esq.,  Eicliinond,  Va. 
Hon.  John  H.  Mickey,  Governor  of  Nebraska  : 

I  am  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  objects  sought  to  be  attained  by  the  society, 
and  hope  that  your  efforts  will  be  crowned  with  ultimate  s access. 

T.  S.  McPheeters,  Esq.,  St.  Lonis,  Mo. 
Adelbert  Moot,  Esq.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. : 

Beyond  any  doubt,  the  conviction  that  international  arbitration  is  the  remedy 
for  disputes  between  civilized  nations,  has  grown  enormously  since  the  Olney 
treaty  was  defeated,  and  an  intelligent  appeal  to  the  country  in  favor  of  an  inter- 
national arbitration  treaty  with  Great  Britain  will  be  sure  to  evoke  a  response 
from  the  leading  men  of  all  parties  and  no  party,  and  will  set  our  political  leaders 
to  thinking. 

Hon.  J.  E.  Morton,  Lexington,  Ky. : 

I  am  heartily  in  sympathy  with  the  purposes  of  the  Conference. 

Rt.  Rev.  Henry  C.  Morrison,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Hon.  Franklin  Murphy,  Governor  of  New  Jersey. 
Dr.  Livingston  Mims,  Atlanta : 

1  can  imagine  no  work  more  important  and  valuable  to  the  civilized  world,  and 
especially  to  our  own  country,  than  that  in  which  you  are  engaged. 

Rt.  Rev.  Camillus  Paul  Maes,  Bishop  of  Covington,  Ky. 

I  am  entirely  in  accord  with  your  aims  and  I  will  rejoice  at  your  every  success. 

Marshall  McCormick,  Esq.,  Berryville,  Va. 
E.  T.  B.  Myers,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 

George  E.  Matthews,  Esq.,  Editor,  Buffalo  ''  Express,"  Buffalo, 
N.Y.  : 

The  cause  has  been  one  which  it  has  given  me  great  pleasure  to  advocate  in  the 
columns  of  the  "Express,"  and  anything  I  can  do  in  the  matter  will  be  done  con 
amove. 

Hon.  Charles  F.  Manderson,  Omaha  Neb. : 

I  greatly  hope  that  the  effort  of  the  Conference  may  result  in  the  adoption  of 
the  treaty  by  the  Senate. 


LETTERS    RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  121 

Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  J.  Niccolls,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Hod.  J.  K.  M.  Norton,  Alexandria,  Va. 

Frank  B.  Noyes,  Esq.,  Editor,  Chicago  "  Record-Herald  :  " 

I  am  very  greatly  interested  in  the  success  of  this  movement. 

Frank  Nelson,  Esq.,  Rnstburg,  Va. 

Hon.  W.  C.  Noyes,  Judge,  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  New  London, 

Conn. 
Andrew  J.  Nellis,  Esq.,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Prest.  Cyrus  Northrop,  LL.  D.,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minn. 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  saying  that  I  am  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  purposes 
of  the  Arbitration  Committee  ;  that  I  shall  at  all  times  take  great  pleasure  in  incul- 
cating the  "  spirit  of  peace"  among  the  nations,  whether  it  be  in  the  University 
over  which  I  preside,  or  outside  the  University,  and  that  I  hope  the  deliberations 
of  the  Conference  may  be  such  as  to  contribute  to  the  extension  of  the  principle 
of  arbitration  in  the  settlement  of  all  international  troubles.  , 

Daniel  Rogers  Noyes,  Esq.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
YiRGiNius  Newton,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va.: 

You  have  the  utmost  assurance  from  me  that  I  am  a  firm  believer  in  the  neces- 
sity of  such  submission  of  international  affairs  and  will  do  all  in  my  power  to  aid 
it. 

Et.  Rev.  C.  KiNLOCK  Nelson,  Bishop  of  Georgia  : 

I  am  extremely  interested  in  the  purposes  of  this  Conference. 

William  W.  Old,  Esq.,  Norfolk,  Va. : 

I  am  in  great  sympathy  with  your  efforts,  not  only  to  enlarge  the  sphere  of  in- 
ternational arbitration,  but  also  to  have  its  principles  so  strengthened  by  an  en- 
lightened consideration  by  all  the  nations  as  to  make  them  permanent  and  useful 
in  their  application  to  international  controversies. 

Hon.  B.  B.  Odell,  Jr.,  Governor  of  New  York. 

(For  letter  see  page  44.) 
Hon.  Richard  Olney,  ex-Secretary  of  State,  Boston. 
Robert  C.  Ogden,  Esq.,  New  York. 
George  W.  Ochs,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
Hon.  John  Patton,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 
Hon.  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  Detroit,  Mich.  : 


122  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

I  believe  that  the  agitation  of  this  question  will  do  much  towards  the  success  of 
the  object  sought  to  be  accomplished,  which  we  all  concede  is  one  of  deep  interest, 
not  only  to  our  country  and  England,  but  to  all  mankind. 

Egbert  W.  Patterson,  Esq.,  "  The  Chicago  Tribune  :  " 

I  need  not  assure  you  of  my  sympathies  with  the  purposes  of  the  meeting  and 
my  wish  to  co-operate  with  your  Committee  to  the  fullest  extent. 

Hon.  John  A.  Pardee,  Judge,  U.  S.  Circuit  Court,  New  Orleans: 

I  am  in  full  sympathy  with  the  object  and  purposes  of  the  National  Arbitration 
Committee. 

William  Patrick,  Esq.,  Staunton,  Ya. : 

The  subject  is  one  that  interests  all  good  citizens,  and  it  would  not  only  give  me 
great  pleasure,  but  I  would  feel  as  if  I  were  performing  a  high  duty,  if  I  could  con- 
tribute in  any  way  to  the  accomplishment  of  the  desired  treaty.  If  I  can  at  any 
future  time  co-operate  with  you,  I  shall  hold  myself  ready  to  do  so. 

Elliott  Hunt  Pendleton,  Esq.,  Ciucinnati,  O. : 

I  hope  that  you  will  have  a  most  interesting  meeting  and  that  it  may  be  influen- 
tial in  bringing  about  the  proposed  treaty  of  arbitration  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  the  two  nations  that  should  take  the  most  advanced  stand 
for  the  settlement  of  international  disputes  by  peaceful  methods. 

S.  S.  P.  Patteson,  Esq.,  Kichmend,  Va. :   • 

I  am  interested  in  the  subject  as  expressed  by  the  late  Lord  Chief  Justice  lius- 
sell  in  his  address  before  the  American  Bar  Association  at  Saratoga,  in  1896,  which 
I  happened  to  hear.  If  I  can  do  so  I  will  try  to  get  in  touch  with  some 
of  the  other  members  and  organize  a  local  committee,  as  suggested  by  you. 

William  B.  Pettit,  Esq.,  Palmyra,  Ya. : 

I  feel,  as  all  patriots  must  feel,  a  deep  interest  in  a  movement  the  object 
of  which  is  to  prevent  a  resort  to  war — bella,  horrida  bella—iov  the  settlement  of 
international  controversies  and  grievances,  or  for  the  vindication  of  national  rights 
and  honor.  How  incomparably  better  for  humanity  and  human  governments 
would  it  be  to  have  all  such  matters  settled  by  an  international  arbitration  tribu- 
nal, such  as  is  proposed,  established  and  supported  by  treaties  between  all  nations, 
or,  if  not  all,  a  sufficient  number  and  of  sufficient  physical  power  and  resources  to 
make  the  moral  force  exerted  by  them  imperative  and  conclusive  upon  all. 

Hon.  J.  H.  Peabody,  Governor  of  Colorado  : 

I  beg  to  express  to  you  herewith  my  hearty  sympathy  and  endorsement  of  the 
proposed  effort  to  secure  additional  force  to  the  principle  of  settling  matters,  both 
local  and  international,  by  arbitration,  which  is  the  greatest  forum  in  existence  for 
the  consideration  and  just  settlement  of  disputes. 


LETTERS    RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  123 

Philadelphia  Maritime  Exchange  : 

After  receipt  of  an  invitation  to  send  a  delegate  to  the  Conference,  the  following 
resolution  was  passed  : 

Resolved,  that  it  is  the  sense  of  the  Philadelphia  Maritime  Exchange  that  the 
public  good  should  be  promoted  by  the  adoption  of  treaties  between  the  United 
States  and  other  leading  countries  of  the  world  (and  at  the  present  time  more 
particularly  with  Great  Britain)  providing,  under  proper  restrictions,  for  the  refer- 
ence to  arbitration  of  international  questions  and  disputes  which  shall  have  failed 
of  settlement  through  the  usual  diplomatic  means. 

Philadelphia  Board  of  Trade. 

(See  page  41.) 
Hon.  Alton  B.  Parker,  Chief  Judge,   Court  of   Appeals,  New 
York : 

The  subject  is  one  that  interests  me  greatly. 

John  Perrin,  Esq..  Indianapolis. 

Dudley  L.  Pickman,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Bliss  Perry,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the  '•  Atlantic  Monthly,"  Boston. 

Hon.  Samuel  Pasco,  Monticello,  Florida  : 

Perhaps  the  time  has  not  yet  arrived  for  such  a  general  treaty,  but  the  advocates 
of  arbitration  between  nations,  when  ordinary  methods  of  settling  differences  have 
failed,  should  continue  to  use  their  influence  in  favor  of  this  peaceful  method  of 
settlement,  whether  the  difference  is  between  our  own  country  and  Great  Britain 
or  any  other  foreign  government,  and  to  urge  the  same  method  of  settlement  if 
the  difference  is  between  two  foreign  nations.  Every  case  thus  determined  upon 
just  and  equitable  principles  will  be  a  step  in  the  direction  of  universal  peace. 
*     *     * 

Hon.  George  C.  Pardee,  Governor  of  (/alifornia. 

(For  letter  see  page  45.) 
George  Foster  Peabody,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Prof.  Cuthbert  W.  Pound,  Cornell  University. 
Hon.  Frank  C.  Partridge,  Proctor,  Yt. 
Hon.  James  D.  Phelan,  San  Francisco. 
C.  Stewart  Patterson,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 
Hon.  James  P.  Platt,  Meredin,  Conn. 
Henry  Pickering,  Esq.,  Boston. 
G.  W.  Perkins,  Esq.,  Chicago,  111. 
Hon.  Samuel  W.  Pennyp acker.  Governor  of  Pennsylvania. 


124  national  arbitration  conference. 

Providence  Chamber  of  Commerce  : 

(Three  delegates  were  selected  to  represent  the  Chamber  at  the  Conference,  but 
owing  to  pressing  duties  that  could  not  be  postponed,  ifoue  of  these  gentle- 
men were  able  to  be  present.)  Through  the  Secretary,  the  following  message  was 
sent :  ''  Permit  me  to  assure  you  of  the  interest  which  this  organization  takes  in 
the  great  and  beneficent  work  you  have  in  hand,  and  to  express  the  hope  that  your 
honorable  body  will  permit  us  later  to  be  present  at  your  deliberations." 

Charles  Page,  Esq.,  Sau  FraDcisco,  Cal. : 

I  feel  the  warmest  sympathy  in  the  cause  which  has,  happily,  been  espoused  by 
the  distinguished  gentlemen  constituting  the  National  Committee.  *  *  *  The 
Hague  Tribunal  will  be  no  more  difficult  of  acceptance  as  an  American  Court 
than  was  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  in  the  days  when  the  judgments 
of  that  Court  decided  causes  between  States  of  the  Union  which  were  hardly 
as  well  known  to  each  other  as  are  to-day  the  American  Republic  and  the  British 
Empire. 

Joseph  Pulitzer,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  New  York  World. " 
Prest.  Henry  S.  Pritchett,  JjL.    D.,  Mass.  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy : 

I  beg  to  assure  you  of  my  interest  in  the  matter  and  to  say  that  I  shall  be  glad 
to  further  the  object  of  your  Conference  by  any  means  in  my  power. 

R.  L.  Parrish,  Esq.,  Covington,  Ya. 

George  Wharton  Pepper,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  AVilliam  E.  Quinby,  Editor,  '*  The  Detroit  Free  Press  :  " 

It  is  a  noble  work  in  which  you  are  engaged,  and  I  trust  in  the  near  future,  as 
the  result  of  your  good  work,  "  nation  shall  not  lift  up  sword  against  nation." 

Robert  Ramsay,  Esq.,  Baltimore  : 

I  am  very  much  in  sympathy  with  the  idea  of  this  Arbitration  Conference. 

Prest.  Ira  Remson,  LL.  D.,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore  : 

I  agree  with  you  when  you  say,  *'  It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  futui*e 
welfare  of  the  United  States  that  the  spirit  of  peace  among  the  nations  be  incul- 
cated in  our  highest  institutions  of  learning." 

Dean  Henry  Wade  Rogers,  LL.  D.,  Law  Department,  Yale  Uni- 
versity, New  Haven,  Conn.  : 

I  am  glad  to  know  that  such  a  Conference  is  to  be  held  and  that  its  immediate 
purpose  is  to  advocate  a  treaty  of  arbitration  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain. 


LETTERS    RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  125 

Hod.  U.  M.  Eose,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

Harrison  Robertson,  Esq.,  Louisville  ^'  Courier-Journal :  " 

Its  object  is  one  that  commands  my  earnest  sympathy.  I  assure  you  I  shall 
watch  its  deliberations  with  much  interest,  and  shall  ever  be  ready  to  do  anything 
in  my  power  to  co-operate  with  you. 

Prest.  Rush  Rhees,  LL.  D.,  Uuiversitj  of  Rochester,  Rochester, 
N.  Y.  : 

I  am  profoundly  interested  in  the  aims  of  the  Conference,  and  trust  that  it  may 
further  the  good  cause  to  the  interest  of  which  you  are  devoted. 

Charles  Richardson,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  Henry  Roberts,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Connecticut. 

Francis  Rawle,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  Nash  Rockwood,  Saratoga,  JSTew  York. 

Hon.  Whitelaw  Reid,  New  York. 

John  C.  Rose,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 

Hon.  Adolph  J.  Rodenbeok,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Dean  G.  L.  Reinhard,  LL.  D.,  Indiana  University,  lud.  : 

I  am  in  full  sympathy  with  the  purpose  of  the  meeting,  and  sincerely  trust  that 
this  and  all  similar  movements  may  meet  with  ultimate  success. 

William  Gordon  Robertson,  Esq.,  Roanoke,  Ya. 

Hon.  James  A.  Reed,  Mayor,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Francis  B.  Reeves,  Esq.,  Prest.,  Girard  National  Bank,  Philadel- 
phia. 

Hon.  William  C.  Spruance,  Judge,  Supreme  Court  of  Delaware, 
Wilmington  : 

I  am  in  full  sympathy  with  the  objects  of  the  Conference. 

Merchants'  Exchange,  of  St.  Louis. 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  San  Francisco. 
Robert  E.  Scott,  Esq.,  Roanoke,  Ya. 
Hon.  Burton  Smith,  Atlanta,  Ga.  : 

While  the  daring  and  courage,  mental  and  physical,  of  the  American  people  is 
no  whit  less  than  that  of  their  Anglo-Saxon  Sea-King  Fathers,  it  is  also  true  that 
civilization  and  Christianity  make  their  desire  to  use  their  strength  for  international^ 
peace  and  welfare. 


126  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Dr.  Frank  Strong,  LL.  D.,    Chancellor,  University  of  Kansas, 
Lawrence  : 

I  wish  to  express  my  earnest  hope  for  the  success  of  the  movement  and  to  say 
that  so  far  as  my  observations  go  I  believe  it  to  be  true  that  the  accomplishment 
of  the  result  in  question  is  earnestly  desired  by  the  University  and  the  people  of 
Kansas. 

Ellison  A.  SMrrH,  Esq.,  Pelzer,  S.  C. 

George  W.  Stevens,  Esq.,  Prest.,  C.  &  O.  U.K.  Co.,  Richmond, 

Va. 
Hon.  G.  M.  Sharp,  Justice,  Supreme  Court,  Baltimore,  Md. : 

I  am  in  intense  sympathy  with  the  movement  for  international  arbitration 
in  every  form.  • 

Hon.  Edgar  A.  Spencer,  Justice,  Supreme  Court  of  New  York : 

I  have  been  very  much  interested  in  the  subject  of  international  arbitration. 

Moorfield  Storey,  Esq.,  Boston. 
Samuel  R-.  Shipley,  Esq.,  Philadelphia : 

I  earnestly  desire  that  the  National  Committee  may  succeed  in  their  praise- 
worthy effort. 

Edward  T.  Stotesbury,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  JosiAH  Strong,  Prest.,  American  Institute  of  Social  Service, 

New  York. 
Prest.  Isaac  Sharpless,  LL.  i).,  Haverford  College,  Pa. 
John  A.  Sleicher,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  Leslie's  Weekly,  "  New  York. 
Jacob  H.  Schiff,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Watson  Robertson  Sperry,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  Hartford  Courant  :  " 

I  hope  that  you  and  your  associates  will  be  able  to  push  a  treaty  of  arbitration 
through  between  these  two  English-speaking  nations. 

Albert  Sh^w,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  Review  of  Reviews,"  New  York. 
Hon.  John  P.  Studley,  Mayor  of  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Dr.  Homer  B.  Sprague,  Newton,  Mass : 

Your  work  is  noble  :  the  service  you  are  rendering  to  one  of  the  greatest  causes 
that  can  concern  mankind  is  magnificent.  Would  that  I  were  able  to  aid  it  effec- 
tively. 


LETTERS    RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  127 

Prest.  J.  G.  ScHURMAN,  LL.  D.,  Cornell  University  : 

The  movement  now  on  foot  to  secure  the  ratification  of  an  arbitration  treaty 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  establishing,  as  it  does,  a  basis  for 
perpetual  peace  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  world  and  thus  aiming  to  eliminate  all  barriers, 
sentimental  or  otherwise,  which  may  tend  at  any  time  to  separate  these  two  kind- 
red peoples,  is  a  most  important  step  forward,  and  should  receive  the  encourage- 
ment and  earnest  support  of  every  American  citizen  who  has  the  best  interests  of 
his  country  at  heart. 

Hon.  Edward  M.  Shepard,  New  York  : 

The  Conference  has  my  earnest  sympathy  and  good  wishes. 

Hon.  HoKE  Smith,  Atlanta,  Ga.  : 

I  am  in  deep  sympathy  with  the  object  of  the  Conference,  and  I  hope  the  meet- 
ing will  be  highly  successful.  • 

Hon.  John  H.  Stiness,  Chief  Justice,  Supreme  Court  of  Rhode 
Island  : 

No  subject  is  of  greater  or  more  timely  importance,  and  no  man  can  contribute 
more  directly  to  patriotism  and  philanthropy  than  in  speeding  the  acceptance  of 
"  International  Arbitiation."  It  will  be  to  nations  what  courts  are  to  people.  A 
state  of  society  which  does  not  give  to  its  people  a  system  of  courts,  where  differ- 
ences may  be  impartially  heard  and  settled  on  principles  of  law  and  justice,  but 
leaves  the  decision  to  force,  is  simply  barbaric,  and  the  same  course  between  nations 
is  none  the  less  so. 

Hon.  Emory  Speer,  Judge,  United  States  Court,  Macon,  Ga.  : 

I  am  strongly  convinced  of  the  absolute  importance  to  our  country  of  intensify- 
ing and  strengthening  the  sentiments  and  bonds  of  kindred  which  exist  between 
us  and  the  people  of  Great  Britain. 

A.  H.  Sawyer,  Esq.,  Watertown,  N.  Y. 

Rt.  Rev.  Henry  Y.  Satterlee,  Bishop  of  Washington,  D.  C.  : 

I  hope  the  meeting  will  be  a  great  success. 

Rev.  C.  Ernest  Smith,  Rector  of  St.  Thomas  Church,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

R.  Waverly  Smith,  Esq.,  Prest.,  First  National  Bank,  Galves- 
ton, Texas. 

Hon.  Pliny  T.  Sexton,  Palmyra,  N.  Y.  : 

It  would  have  gladdened  my  heart  to  testify  in  person  to  my  sympathy  with 
your  noble  purpose  and  to  my  appreciation  of  the  hopeful  efforts  being  made  to 
relieve  the  world  from  the  great  reproach  of  the  continual  possibility  of  human  war- 
fare. 


128  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Hon.  Robert  A.  Smith,  Mayor  of  St.  Paul,  Miiin.  : 

I  share  in  the  hope  that  the  results  of  the  Conference  will  help  the  race  at 
least  one  step  nearer  to  the  great  consummation  which  you  and  your  distinguished 
associates  aim  at. 

Douglas  H.  Thomas,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 
Hon.  R.  S.  Taylor,  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. : 

The  time  is  opportune  and  the  object  one  to  enlist  the  cordial  sympathy  of 
every  thoughtful  man.  *  *  ♦  We  need  all  the  peace  promoting  influences  we 
can  muster  to  counteract  the  war  spirit  fostered  by  our  navy  building  and  re- 
cruiting. 

Rev.  F.  W.  ToMKiNS,  Philadelphia : 

I  have  great  hopes  in  the  future  o^this  Arbitration  Conference,  and  I  am  sure 
the  prayers  of  many  will  be  answered. 

Thos.  B.  Turley,  Esq.,  Memphis,  Tenn. : 

If  the  danger  of  wars  between  civilized  countries  can  be  obviated  by  interna- 
tional arbitration,  it  will  be  a  result  to  be  wished  for  and  approved  by  every  good 
citizen. 

Hon.  Oliver  P.  Temple,  Knoxville,  Tenn. : 

I  am  heartily  in  sympathy  with  the  object  of  said  Conference,  and  trust  that  it 
may  result  in  doing  much  for  the  cause  of  arbitration. 

Brest.  Charles  F.  Thwing,  LL.  D.,  Western  Reserve  University, 

Adelbert  College,  Cleveland,  O. 
Prest.  J.  M.  Taylor,  LL.  D.,  Vassar  College. 
R.  S.  Thomas,  Esq.,  Smithtield,  Ya. 
Hon.  George  Turner,  Spokane,  Wash.  : 

I  am  heartily  in  sympathy  with  the  objects  of  the  Conference  as  I  understand 
them. 

Hon.  David  Torrance,  Judge,  Supreme  Court  of  Errors,  Derby, 
Conn.  : 
I  heartily  wish  you  all  success  in  your  undertaking. 

Charles  H.  Taylor,  Esq.,  Boston. 
James  F.  Tracy,  Esq.,  Albany,  N.  Y.  : 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  acceptance  of  your  invitation  may  be  so  general  as  to 
attest  the  strong  and  almost  unanimous  sentiment  of  the  American  people  in  favor 
of  arbitration  as  a  substitute  for  war. 


LETTERS    KECEIVEI)    BV    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  1'29 

KoGER  E.  TiLEsTON,  Esq.,  Boston. 

Hon.  Joseph  K.  Toole,  Governor  of  Montana. 

Gates  P.  Thurston,  Esq.,  Nashville,  Term.  : 

I  need  not  say  that  I  most  heartily  approve  of  the  cause  and  of  the  pro- 
posed method  in  aid  of  it.  *  *  *  Such  acliou  will  surely  be  for  the  best  interests 
of  humanity,  and  in  furtherence  of  righteous  dealing  among  the  nations. 

Hon.  S.  R.  Yan  Sant,  Governor  of  Minnesota. 
Warner  Van  Norden,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Hon.  Wm.  F.  Vilas,  Madison,  Wis.  : 

Mr.  Vilas  assures  the  committee  that  his  failure  to  attend  the  Conference  is  owing 
to  *'no  indifference  to  the  proposal,  which  has  my  hearty  sympathy  and  would 
have  my  co-operation  "  if  circumstances  permitted. 

Hon.  Charles  G.  R.  Vinal,  Secretary  of  the  State  of  Connecticut. 
Prest.  Francis  P.  Venable,  LL.  D.,  University  of  North  Carolina. 
Joseph  Williams,  Esq.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Hon.  A.  B.  White,  Governor  of  West  Virginia. 
Prest.  Benjamin  S.  Wheeler,  LL.  D.,  University  of  California: 
My  interest  in  the  work  of  the  Conference  is  most  cordial. 

Hon.  John  Wanamaker,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  J.  J.  Williams,  Mayor  of  Memphis,  Tenn. 

Barclay  H.  Warburton,  Esq.,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  Heber  M.  Wells,  Governor  of  Utah. 

J.  Allen  Watts,  Esq.,  Koanoke,  Va. 

Hon.  Leigh  R.  Watts,  Portsmouth,  Va. 

Prest.  WooDROW  Willson,  LL.  D.,  Princeton  University. 

Mr.  Willson  had  kindly  consented  to  address  the  Mass  Meeting,  but  was  pre- 
vented from  appearing  on  account  of  illness. 

Edward  G.  Whitaker,  Esq.,  New  York. 

Professor   James  M.  Willard,   Principal,  Philadelphia  Normal 
School : 

I  wish  you  godspeed  in  your  work. 

Henry  Watterson,  Esq.,  Editor,  ''  Courier-Journal,"  Louisville, 

Ky. 


130  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Miles  White,  Jr.,  Esq.,  Baltimore. 

Prof.  James  A.  Woodburn,  MadisoD,  Wis. 

Hou.  Edmund  Waddill,  Jr.,  Justice,  United  States  District  Court. 

John  B.  Wight,  Esq.,  EastoD,  Pa. 

Hon.  Jos.  E.  Willard,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Virginia. 

Hon.  Edwin  Warfield,  Governor  of  Maryland: 

I  fully  sympathize  with  the  object  of  the  Couference. 

John  S.  Williams,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. : 

It  is  as  much  our  part  and  duty  in  behalf  of  justice,  human  happiness,  and  uni- 
versal order  to  submit  our  disputes  and  difference  with  other  nations  to  the  arbi- 
trament of  a  high  and  honorable  court,  international,  wisely  constituted,  *  *  ♦ 
as  it  is  with  all  our  power,  property  and  life  to  defend  our  rights,  liberties  and 
just  claims. 

John  L.  Williams,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 

Charles  R.  Williams,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  Indianapolis  News  :  " 

I  sincerely  hope  that  it  may  result  in  starting  or  renewing  a  train  of  influences 
that  may  speedily  bring  about  the  end  in  view. 

Hon.  Joseph  A.  Waddell,  Staunton,  Va. 

Herbert  Welsh,  Esq.,  Editor,  '^  City  and  State,"  Philadelphia. 

Theodore  Wright,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  Philadelphia  Record." 

Rt.  Rev.  O.  W^  Whitaker,  Bishop  of  Diocese  of  Pennsylvania  : 

The  subject  considered  is  one  of  the  greatest  importance  and  one  in  which 
every  good  citizen  should  be  interested. 

Henry  T.  Wickham,  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. 

Edward  J.  Wheeler,  Esq.,  Editor,  "  Literary  Digest,"  New  York. 

George  M.  Woodruff,  Esq.,  Litchfield,  Conn. 

Hon.  Peter  White,  Marquette,  Mich. 

Hou.  Richard  Yates,  Governor  of  Illinois. 


LETTERS    RECEIVED    BY    THE    EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE.  131 


San  Francisco,  Deceinher  21,  1903. 

We,  the  undersigned,  believing  that  disputed  questions  between 
nations  should  be  settled  in  accordance  with  the  principles  of 
justice  and  of  International  Law  rather  than  by  war,  do  hereby 
express  our  sympathy  with  the  objects  of  the  Conference  to  be 
held  in  Washington,  D.  C,  on  January  12,  1904,  and  our  earnest 
desire  for  the  adoption  of  a  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain,  providing  that  such  questions,  whenever  it  is  prac- 
ticable, shall  be  referred  to  The  Hague  Tribunal  for  settlement. 

Patrick   William  Riordan, 
Archbishop  of  San  Francisco. 

Horace  Davis. 

W.  H.  Beatty. 

Garrett  C.  McEnerney. 

F.  M.  Angelo^iti. 

Ralph  C.  Harrison. 

Warren  Olney. 
•     Chas.  a.  Murdock. 

Steward  R.  Tay^lor. 

Louis  Lisser. 

Jacob  Yoorsand,  Esq., 

Babbi  of  Temple  Emanuel. 

John  W.  Hamilton, 
Bishop  of  the  Meth.  Episcopal  Church. 

Eli  T.  Sheppard. 

Chas.  Page. 

M.  C.  Leon. 

J.  M.  Seanill. 

Bradford  Leaviit. 

William  K.  Lane. 

Frank  J.  Symmes. 

Jas.  S.  Bunnell. 

F.    W.    DOHRMANN. 

A.  F.  Morrison. 
Sheldon  G.  Kellogg. 


APPENDIX, 


THE  HAGUE  CONFERENCE,  1899. 

THE  czar's  rescript. 

Issued  hy  Count  Muruvieff,  Russian  Minister  of  Fay^eign  AJf airs, 
on  the  2it/i  of  August,  1898. 

The  maintenance  of  general  peace  and  a  possible  reduction  of 
the  excessive  armaments  which  weigh  upon  all  nations  present 
themselves,  in  the  existing  condition  of  the  whole  world,  as  the 
ideal  towards  which  the  endeavors  of  all  governments  should  be 
directed. 

The  humanitarian  and  magnanimous  spirit  of  His  M.ijesty  the 
Emperor,  my  August  Master,  is  wholly  convinced  of  this  view. 

In  the  conviction  that  this  lofty  aim  is  in  conformity  with  the 
most  essential  interests  and  the  legitimate  wishes  of  all  the  Powers, 
the  Imperial  Government  thinks  the  present  moment  would 
be  very  favorable  for  an  inquiry,  by  means  of  international  dis- 
cussion, as  to  the  most  effective  means  of  insuring  to  all  the  peo- 
ples the  benefits  of  a  real  and  durable  peace,  and,  above  all, 
of  putting  a  limit  to  the  progressive  development  of  the  present 
armaments. 

In  the  course  of  the  last  twenty  years,  the  longings  for  general 
appeasement  have  been  particularly  marked  in  the  consciousness 
of  the  civilized  nations.  The  preservation  of  peace  has  been  put 
forward  as  the  object  of  international  policy.  It  is  in  its  name 
that  the  Great  States  have  concluded  between  themselves  powerful 
alliances.  It  is  the  better  to  guarantee  peace  that  they  have  de- 
veloped their  military  forces  in  proportions  hitherto  unknown,  and 
still  continue  to  increase  them  without  shrinking  from  any 
sacrifice. 

But  all  these  efforts  have  not  yet  been  able  to  bring  about  the 
beneficent  results  of  the  pacification  desired. 

The  financial  burdens,  constantly  increasing,  strike  at  public 
prosperity  at  its  very  source.  The  intellectual  and  physical  forces 
of  the  nations,  and  their  labor  and  capital  are,  for  the  most  part, 
diverted  from  their  natural  application  and  unproductively  con- 
sumed.   Hundreds  of  millions  are  employed  in  procuring  terrible 


136  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

eugiurs  of  destruction,  wliicb,  tliougli  to-day  regarded  as  tlie  su- 
preme attainment  of  science,  are  sure  to-morrow  to  lose  all  value 
because  of  some  new  invention  in  this  field.  National  culture, 
economic  progress,  and  the  production  of  wealth  are  paralyzed  or 
checked  in  development. 

So,  too,  in  proportion  as  the  armaments  of  each  power  in- 
crease, do  they  less  and  less  fulfil  the  object  which  the  govern- 
ments have  had  in  view.  Economic  crises,  due  in  great  part  to  the 
system  of  armament  i)  outrnnce,  and  the  continual  danger  which 
lies  in  this  accumulation  of  war  material,  are  transforming 
the  armed  peace  of  our  days  into  a  crushing  burden  which 
the  peoples  have  more  and  more  difficulty  in  bearing.  It  seems 
evident  that  if  this  state  of  things  continues  it  will  inevitably  lead 
to  the  very  cataclysm  which  it  is  desired  to  avert,  the  horrors  of 
which,  even  in  anticipation,  cause  every  thinking  man  to  tremble. 

To  put  an  end  to  these  incessant  armaments,  and  to  seek 
the  means  of  warding  off  the  calamities  which  threaten  the  whole 
world,  is  the  supreme  duty  resting  to-day  upon  all  States. 

Filled  with  this  idea,  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  has  been 
pleased  to  command  me  to  propose  to  all  the  governments  which 
have  accredited  representatives  at  the  Imperial  Court  the  meet- 
ing of  a  conference  which  shall  take  into  consideration  this 
grave  problem. 

This  conference  will  be,  by  the  help  of  God,  a  happy  presage 
for  the  century  now  about  to  open.  It  will  unite,  and  thus 
greatly  strengthen,  the  efforts  of  all  those  States  which  sincerely 
seek  to  make  the  great  conception  of  universal  peace  triumph 
over  the  elements  of  trouble  and  discord.  It  will,  at  the  same 
time,  cement  them  together  by  a  joint  consecration  of  the  princi- 
ples of  equity  and  right  on  which  rest  the  security  of  States  and 
the  welfare  of  peoples. 


THE  PEACE  CONFERENCE  AT  THE  HAGUE.  137 

The  Peace  Couference  at  The  Hague  met  ou  tlie  18th  of  May, 
1899,  in  response  to  the  rescript  of  the  Czar  of  Russia  issued  on 
the  24th  of  August,  1898.  The  invitation  went  to  all  the 
States  having  accredited  diplomatic  representatives  at  St.  Peters- 
burg ;  and  all  of  the  States  invited  to  the  Conference  ac- 
cepted the  invitation.  There  were  one  hundred  members  of  the 
Conference.  The  commissioners  from  the  United  States  were 
Hon.  Andrew  D.  White,  Hon.  Seth  Low,  Hon.  Stanford  Newel, 
Captain  Alfred  T.  Mahan  and  Captain  William  Crozier  ;  and  the 
secretary  of  the  commission  was  Frederick  W.  Holls.  Baron  de 
Staal,  the  head  of  the  Russian  delegation,  was  elected  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Conference.  The  Conference  continued  until  July 
29,  when  the  final  act  and  other  documents  were  signed.  The 
arbitration  treaty  was  signed  on  July  29  by  the  representatives 
of  sixteen  powers,  and  was  afterwards  signed  and  ratified  by  all 
the  powers  represented  at  the  Conference.  The  United  States 
Senate  ratified  it  unanimously  on  February  5,  1900. 


THE  HAGUE  AIIBITEaTION  CONVENTION. 

CONVENTION  FOR  THE  PEACEFUL  SETTLEMENT  OF  INTERNATIONAL 
DIFFERENCES,  1899. 

His  Majesty  the  German  Emperor,  King  of  Prussia;  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and 
Apostolic  King  of  Hungary  ;  His  Majesty  the  King  of  the  Bel- 
gians ;  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  China  ;  His  Majesty  the  King 
of  Denmark;  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Spaiu,  and  in  his  name 
Her  Majesty  the  Queen-Regent  of  the  Kingdom ;  the  President 
of  the  United  States  of  America  ;  the  President  of  the  United 
States  of  Mexico  ;  the  President  of  the  French  Republic ;  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  Empress  of  India  ;  His  Majesty  the  King  of  the  Hellenes  ; 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy;  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of 
Japan  ;  His  Royal  Highness  the  Grand  Duke  of  Luxemburg,  Duke 
of  Nassau  ;  His  Highness  the  Prince  of  Montenegro  ;  Her  Majesty 
the  Queen  of  the  Netherlands  ;  His  Imperial  Majesty  the  Shah  of 
Persia  ;  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Portugal  and  the  Algarves  ;  His 
Majesty  the  King  of  Roumania  ;  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  All 
the  Russias  ;  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Servia  ;  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Siam  ;  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway  ; 
The  Swiss  Federal  Council  ;  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  the 
Ottomans ;  and  his  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  of  Bulgaria : 

Animated  by  a  strong  desire  to  concert  for  the  maintenance  of 
the  general  peace  ; 

Resolved  to  second  by  their  best  efforts  the  friendly  settlement 
of  international  disputes ; 

Recognizing  the  solidarity  which  unites  the  members  of  the 
society  of  civilized  nations  ; 

Desirous  of  .extending  the  empire  of  law,  and  of  strengthening 
the  appreciation  of  international  justice; 

Convinced  that  the  permanent  institution  of  a  Court  of  Arbi- 
tration, accessible  to  till,  in  the  midst  of  the  independent  Powers, 
will  contribute  effectively  to  this  result; 

Having  regard  to  the  advantages  attending  the  general  and 
regular  organization  of  arbitral  procedure  ; 


THE    HAGUE    ARBITRATION    CONVENTION.  139 

Sharing  the  opinion  of  the  august  Initiator  of  the  International 
Peace  Conference  that  it  is  expedient  to  solemnly  establish,  by  an 
international  Agreement,  the  principles  of  equity  and  right  on 
which  repose  the  security  of  States  and  the  welfare  of  peoples  ; 

Being  desirous  of  concluding  a  convention  to  this  effect,  have 
appointed  as  their  Plenipotentiaries,  to-wit  : — 

(Names.) 

Who,  after  communication  of  their  full  powers,  found  in  good 
and  due  form,  have  agreed  on  the  following  provisions  : — 

Title  I. —  On  the  Mainte^iance  of  General  Peace. 

Article  I.  With  a  view  to  obviating,  as  far  as  possible,  re- 
course to  force  in  the  relations  between  States,  the  Signatory 
Powers  agree  to  use  their  best  efforts  to  insure  the  pacific  settle- 
ment of  international  differences. 

Title  II. — On  Good  Offices  and  Mediation. 

Article  II.  In  case  of  serious  disagreement  or  conflict,  be- 
fore an  appeal  to  arms,  the  Signatory  Powers  agree  to  have  re- 
course, as  far  as  circumstances  allow,  to  the  good  offices  or 
mediation  of  one  or  more  friendly  Powers. 

Article  III.  Independently  of  this  recourse,  the  Signatory 
Powers  consider  it  useful  that  one  or  more  Powers,  strangers  to 
the  dispute,  should  on  their  own  initiative,  and  as  far  as  circum- 
stances will  allow,  offer  their  good  offices  or  mediation  to  the 
States  at  variance. 

The  right  to  offer  good  offices  or  mediation  belongs  to  Powers 
who  are  strangers  to  the  dispute,  even  during  the  course  of  hos- 
tilities. 

The  exercise  of  this  right  shall  never  be  regarded  by  one  or 
the  other  of  the  parties  to  the  contest  as  an  unfriendly  act. 

Article  IY.  The  part  of  the  mediator  consists  in  reconciling 
the  opposing  claims  and  in  appeasing  the  feelings  of  resentment 
which  may  have  arisen  between  the  States  at  variance. 

Article  Y.  The  functions  of  the  mediator  are  at  an  end  when 
once  it  is  declared,  either  by  one  of  the  parties  to  the  dispute  or 
by  the  mediating  Power  itself,  that  the  methods  of  conciliation 
proposed  by  it  are  not  accepted. 


140  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Article  VI.  Good  offices  aDd  mediation,  whether  at  the 
request  of  the  parties  at  variance  or  upon  the  initiative  of  Powers 
who  are  strangers  to  the  dispute,  have  exchisively  the  character 
of  advice,  and  never  have  binding  force. 

Article  VII.  The  acceptance  of  mediation  cannot,  unless 
there  be  an  agreement  to  the  contrary,  have  the  effect  of  inter- 
rupting, delaying,  or  hindering  mobilization  or  other  measures  of 
preparation  for  war. 

If  mediation  occurs  after  the  commencement  of  hostilities,  it 
causes  no  interruption  to  the  military  operations  in  progress,  un- 
less there  be  an  agreement  to  the  contrary. 

Article  VJII.  The  Signatory  Powers  are  agreed  in  recom- 
mending the  application  when  circumstances  allow,  of  special 
mediation  in  the  following  form  : — 

In  case  of  a  serious  difference  endangering  the  peace,  the 
States  at  variance  shall  each  choose  a  Power,  to  whom  they  in- 
trust the  mission  of  entering  into  direct  communication  with  the 
Power  chosen  on  the  other  side,  with  the  object  of  preventing  the 
rupture  of  pacific  relations. 

During  the  period  of  this  mandate,  the  term  of  which,  unless 
otherwise  stipulated,  cannot  exceed  thirty  days,  the  States  in  con- 
flict shall  cease  from  all  direct  communication  on  the  subject  of 
the  dispute,  which  is  regarded  as  having  been  referred  exclusively 
to  the  mediating  Powers,  who  shall  use  their  best  efforts  to  settle 
the  controversy. 

In  case  of  a  definite  rupture  of  pacific  relations,  these  Powers 
remain  charged  with  the  joint  duty  of  taking  advantage  of  every 
opportunity  to  restore  peace. 

Title  III.  —  Ori  International  Commissions  of  Inquiry. 

Article  IX.  In  differences  of  an  international  nature  involv- 
ing neither  honor  nor  vital  interests,  and  arising  from  a  difference 
of  opinion  on  matter  of  fact,  the  Signatory  Powers  recommend 
that  parties  who  have  not  been  able  to  come  to  an  agreement  by 
diplomatic  methods  should,  as  far  as  circumstances  allow,  insti- 
tute an  International  Commission  of  Inquiry,  to  facilitate  a  solu- 
tion of  the  differences  by  elucidating  the  facts  by  means  of  an 
impartial  and  conscientious  investigation. 


THE    HAGUE    ARBITRATIOJST    CONVENTION.  141 

Article  X.  International  Commissions  of  Inquiry  shall  be 
constituted  by  a  special  agreement  between  the  parties  to  the 
controversy.  The  agreement  for  the  inquiry  shall  specify  tlie 
facts  to  be  examined  and  the  extent  of  the  powers  of  the  commis- 
sioners. It  shall  fix  the  procedure.  Upon  the  inquiry  both 
sides  shall  be  heard.  The  procedure  to  be  observed,  if  not  pro- 
vided for  in  the  Convention  of  Inquiry,  shall  be  fixed  by  the  Com- 
mission. 

Article  XI,  The  International  Commissions  of  Inquiry  shall 
be  formed,  unless  otherwise  stipulated,  in  the  manner  fixed  by 
Article  XXXII.  of  the  present  Convention. 

Article  XII.  The  Powers  in  dispute  agree  to  supply  the  In- 
ternational Commission  of  Inquiry,  as  fully  as  they  may  consider 
it  possible,  with  all  means  and  facilities  necessary  to  enable  it  to 
arrive  at  a  complete  acquaintance  and  correct  understanding  of 
the  facts  in  question. 

Article  XIII.  The  International  Commission  of  Inquiry 
shall  present  to  the  parties  in  dispute  its  report  signed  by  all  the 
members  of  the  Commission. 

Article  XIV.  The  report  of  the  International  Commission 
of  Inquiry  shall  be  limited  to  a  statement  of  the  facts,  and  shall 
in  no  way  have  the  character  of  an  arbitral  award.  It  leaves  the 
Powers  in  controversy  freedom  as  to  the  effect  to  be  given  to  such 
statement. 

Title  IV. —  On  Inter' national  Arbitration, 

Chapter  I. — Oii  A  rhitral  Justice. 

Article  XV.  International  arbitration  has  for  its  object  the 
determination  of  controversies  between  States  by  judges  of  their 
own  choice,  upon  the  basis  of  respect  for  law. 

Article  XVI.  In  questions  of  a  judicial  character,  and  espec- 
ially in  questions  regarding  the  interpretation  or  application  of 
international  treaties  or  conventions,  arbitration  is  recognized  by 
the  Signatory  Powers  as  the  most  efficacious  and  at  the  same  time 
the  most  equitable  method  of  deciding  controversies  which  have 
not  been  settled  by  diplomatic  methods. 

Article  XVII.  An  agreement  of  arbitration  may  be  made 
with  reference  to  disputes  already  existing  or  those  which   may 


142  NATIONAL    ARKITKATION    CONFKRKNCK. 

liereafter  arise.  It  may  relate  to  every  Idud  of  controversy  or 
solely  to  controversies  of  a  particular  character. 

Article  XVIII.  The  agreement  of  arbitration  implies  tlie 
obligation  to  submit  in  good  faith  to  the  decision  of  the  arbitral 
tribunal. 

Article  XIX.  Independently  of  existing  general  or  special 
treaties  imposing  the  obligation  to  have  recourse  to  arbitration 
on  the  part  of  any  of  the  Signatory  Powers,  these  Powers  reserve 
to  themselves  the  right  to  conclude,  either  before  the  ratification 
of  the  present  Convention,  or  subsequent  to  that  date,  new  agree- 
ments, general  or  special,  with  a  view  of  extending  the  obligation 
to  submit  controversies  to  arbitration,  to  all  cases  which  they 
consider  suitable  for  such  submission. 

Chapter  II. — On  the  Fei^raanent  Court  of  Arbitration. 

Article  XX.  With  the  object  of  facilitating  an  immediate 
recourse  to  arbitration  for  international  differences  which  could 
not  be  settled  by  diplomatic  methods,  the  Signatory  Powers 
undertake  to  organize  a  permanent  Court  of  Arbitration  acces- 
sible at  all  times,  and  acting,  unless  otherwise  stipulated  by  the 
parties,  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  procedure  included  in  the 
present  Convention. 

Article  XXI.  The  permanent  Court  shall  have  jurisdiction 
of  all  cases  of  arbitration,  unless  there  shall  be  an  agreement  be- 
tween the  parties  for  the  establisliment  of  a  special  tribunal. 

Article  XXII.  An  International  Bureau  shall  be  established 
at  The  Hague,  and  shall  serve  as  the  record  office  for  the  Court. 
This  Bureau  shall  be  the  medium  of  all  communications  relating 
to  the  Court.  It  shall  have  the  custody  of  the  archives,  and  shall 
conduct  all  the  administrative  business.  The  Signatory  Powers 
agree  to  furnish  the  Bureau  at  The  Hague  with  a  certified  copy 
of  every  agreement  of  arbitration  arrived  at  between  them,  and 
of  any  award  therein  rendered  by  a  special  tribunal.  They  also 
undertake  to  furnish  the  Bureau  with  the  laws,  rules,  and  docu- 
ments, eventually  declaring  the  execution  of  the  judgments  ren- 
dered by  the  Court. 

Article  XXIII.  Within  three  months  following  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  present  act,  each  Signatory  Power  shall  select  not 
more  than  four  persons,  of  recognized  competence  in  questions 


THK    HAGUE    AKBITRATION    CONVENTION.  143 

of  interiiatioual  law,  eiijoyiii<^  the  highest  moral  reputation,  and 
disposed  to  accept  the  duties  of  arbitrators.  The  persons  thus' 
selected  shall  be  enrolled  as  members  of  the  Court,  upon  a  list 
which  shall  be  communicated  by  the  Bureau  to  all  the  Signatory 
Powers.  Any  alteration  in  the  list  of  arbitrators  shall  be  brought 
to  the  knowledge  of  the  Signatory  Powers  by  the  Bureau.  Two  or 
more  Powers  may  unite  in  the  selection  of  one  or  more  members  of 
the  Court.  The  same  person  may  be  selected  by  different  powers. 
The  members  of  the  Court  shall  be  appointed  for  a  term  of  six 
years,  and  their  appointment  may  be  renewed.  In  case  of  the 
death  or  resignation  of  a  member  of  the  Court,  his  place  shall  be 
tilled  in  accordance  with  the  method  of  his  appointment. 

Article  XXIV.  Whenever  the  Signatory  Powers  wish  to 
have  recourse  to  the  permanent  Court  for  the  settlement  of  a 
difference  that  has  arisen  between  them,  the  arbitrators  selected 
to  constitute  the  Tribunal  which  shall  have  Jurisdiction  to  deter- 
mine such  difference,  shall  be  chosen  from  the  general  list  of 
members  of  the  Court.  If  such  arbitral  Tribunal  be  not  consti- 
tuted by  the  special  agreement  of  the  parties,  it  shall  be  formed 
in  the  following  manner :  Each  party  shall  name  two  arbitrators, 
a'jd  these  together  shall  choose  an  umpire.  If  the  votes  shail  be 
equal,  the  choice  of  the  umpire  shall  be  intrusted  to  a  third  Power 
selected  by  the  parties  by  common  accord.  If  an  agreement  is 
not  arrived  at  on  this  subject,  each  party  shall  select  a  different 
Power,  and  the  choice  of  the  umpire  shall  be  made  by  the  united 
action  of  the  Powers  thus  selected.  The  Tribunal  being  thus 
constituted,  the  parties  shall  communicate  to  the  Bureau  their 
decision  to  have  recourse  to  the  Court,  and  the  names  of  the  arbi- 
trators. The  Tribunal  of  arbitration  shall  meet  at  the  time  fixed 
by  the  parties.  The  members  of  tlie  Court,  in  the  discharge  of 
their  duties,  and  outside  of  their  own  country,  shall  enjoy  diplo- 
matic privileges  and  immunities. 

Article  XXV.  The  Court  of  Arbitration  shall  ordinarily  sit 
at  the  Hague.  Except  in  cases  of  necessity,  the  place  of  session 
shall  be  changed  by  the  Court  only  with  the  assent  of  the  parties. 

Article  XXVI.  The  International  Bureau  at  The  Hague  is 
authorized  to  put  its  offices  and  its  staff'  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Signatory  Powers,  for  the  performance  of  the  duties  of  any  spe- 
cial tribunal  of  arbitration.     The  jurisdiction   of  the  permanent 


144  NATIONAL    ARBITR^VTJON    CONFERENCE. 

Court  may  be  extended,  under  conditions  prescribed  by  its  rules, 
to  controversies  existing  between  Non-sigaatory  Powers,  or  be- 
tween Signatory  Powers  and  Non-signatory  Powers,  if  the  parties 
agree  to  submit  to  its  jurisdiction. 

Akticle  XXVII.  The  Signatory  Powers  consider  it  their 
duty,  in  case  a  serious  dispute  threatens  to  break  out  between 
two  or  more  of  them,  to  remind  these  latter  that  the  permanent 
Court  of  arbitration  is  open  to  them.  Consequently,  they  declare 
that  the  fact  of  reminding  the  parties  in  controversy  of  the  pro- 
visions of  the  present  Convention,  and  the  advice  given  to  them, 
in  the  higher  interests  of  peace,  to  have  recourse  to  the  permanent 
Court,  can  only  be  considered  as  an  exercise  of  good  offices. 

Aeticle  XXYIII.  a  permanent  administrative  Council  com- 
posed of  the  diplomatic  representatives  of  the  Signatory  Powers 
accredited  to  The  Hague,  and  of  the  Netherlands  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  who  shall  act  as  President,  shall  be  constituted 
in  that  city  as  soon  as  possible  after  the  ratification  of  the 
present  Act  by  at  least  nine  Powers.  This  Council  shall  be 
charged  with  the  establishment  and  organization  of  the  Interna- 
tional Bureau,  which  shall  remain  under  its  direction  and  con- 
trol. It  shall  notify  the  Powers  of  the  constitution  of  the  Court 
and  provide  for  its  installation.  It  shall  make  its  own  by-laws, 
and  all  other  necessary  regulations.  It  shall  decide  all  questions 
of  administration  which  may  arise  with  regard  to  the  operations 
of  the  Court.  It  shall  have  entire  control  over  the  appointment, 
suspension,  or  dismissal  of  officials  and  employees  of  the  Bureau. 
It  shall  determine  their  allowances  and  salaries,  and  control  the 
general  expenditure.  At  meetings  duly  summoned  five  members 
shall  constitute  a  quorum.  All  decisions  shall  be  made  by  a 
majority  of  votes.  The  Council  shall  communicate  to  each  Sig- 
natory Power  without  delay  the  by-laws  and  regulations  adopted 
by  it.  It  shall  furnish  them  with  a  signed  report  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Court,  the  working  of  the  administration,  and  the 
expenses. 

Article  XXIX.  The  expense  of  the  Bureau  shall  be  borne 
by  the  Signatory  Powers  in  the  proportion  established  for  the 
International  Bureau  of  the  International  Postal  Union. 


THE    HAGUE    ARBITRATION    CONVENTION.  145 

Chapter  III. — On  Arbitral  Procedure. 

Article  XXX.  With  a  view  to  encouraging  the  development 
of  arbitration,  the  Signatory  Powers  have  agreed  on  the  following 
rnles  which  shall  be  applicable  to  the  arbitral  procedure,  unless 
the  parties  have  agreed  upon  different  regulations. 

Article  XXXI.  The  Powers  which  resort  to  arbitration  shall 
sign  a  special  act  {cmnprornis) ,  in  which  the  subject  of  the  differ- 
ence shall  be  precisely  defined,  as  well  as  the  extent  of  the  powers 
of  the  arbitrators.  This  act  implies  an  agreement  by  each  party 
to  submit  in  good  faith  to  the  award. 

Article  XXXII.  The  duties  of  arbitrator  may  be  conferred 
upon  one  arbitrator  alone,  or  upon  several  arbibrators  selected 
by  the  parties,  as  they  please,  or  chosen  by  them  from  the  mem- 
bers of  the  permanent  Court  of  Arbitration  established  by  the 
present  act.  Failing  the  constitution  of  the  Tribunal  by  direct 
agreement  between  the  parties,  it  shall  be  formed  in  the  follow- 
ing manner :  — 

Each  party  shall  appoint  two  arbitrators,  and  these  shall  to- 
gether choose  an  umpire.  In  case  of  an  equal  division  of  votes 
the  choice  of  the  umpire  shall  be  entrusted  to  a  third  Power  to 
be  selected  by  the  parties  by  common  accord.  If  no  agreement 
is  arrived  at  on  this  point,  each  party  shall  select  a  different 
Power,  and  the  choice  of  the  umpire  shall  be  made  by  agreement 
between  the  Powers  thus  selected. 

Article  XXXIII.  When  a  Sovereign  or  Chief  of  State  shall 
be  chosen  for  an  arbitrator,  the  arbitral  procedure  shall  be  deter- 
mined by  him. 

Article  XXXIY.  The  umpire  shall  preside  over  the  Tribunal. 
When  the  Tribunal  does  not  include  an  umpire,  it  shall  appoint 
its  own  presiding  officer. 

Article  XXXY.  In  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  or  absence 
for  any  cause,  of  one  of  the  arbitrators,  the  place  shall  be  filled 
in  the  manner  provided  for  his  appointment. 

Article  XXXVI.  The  parties  shall  designate  the  place 
where  the  Tribunal  is  to  sit.  Failing  such  a  designation,  the 
Tribunal  shall  sit  at  The  Hague.  The  place  of  session  thus  de- 
termined shall  not,  except  in  the  case  of  overwhelming  necessity, 
be  changed  by  the  Tribunal  without  the  consent  of  the  parties. 


146  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

Article  XX XVII.  The  parties  shall  have  the  right  to  appoint 
agents  or  attorneys  to  represent  them  before  the  Tribunal,  and  to 
serve  as  intermediaries  between  them  and  it. 

They  are  also  authorized  to  employ  for  the  defence  of  their 
rights  and  interests  before  the  Tribunal  counsellors  or  solicitors 
named  by  them  for  that  purpose. 

Article  XXXVIII.  The  Tribunal  shall  decide  upon  the 
choice  of  languages  used  by  itself  or  to  be  authorized  for  use  be- 
fore it. 

Article  XXXIX.  As  a  general  rule,  the  arbitral  procedure 
shall  comprise  two  distinct  phases, — preliminary  examination 
and  discussion.  Preliminary  examination  shall  consist  in  the 
communication  by  the  respective  agents  to  the  members  of  the. 
Tribunal  and  to  the  opposite  party,  of  all  printed  or  written  acts, 
and  of  all  documents  containing  the  arguments  to  be  invoked  in 
the  case.  This  communication  shall  be  made  in  the  form  and 
within  the  period  fixed  by  the  Tribunal,  in  accordance  with 
Article  XLIX. 

The  discussion  shall  consist  in  the  oral  development  before  the 
Tribunal  of  the  argument  of  the  parties. 

Article  XL.  Every  document  produced  by  one  party  must 
be  communicated  to  the  other  party. 

Article  XLI.  The  discussions  shall  be  under  the  direction 
of  the  President.  They  shall  be  public  only  in  case  it  shall  be 
so  decided  by  the  Tribunal,  with  the  assent  of  the  parties.  They 
shall  be  recorded  in  the  official  minutes  drawn  up  by  the  Secre- 
taries appointed  by  the  President.  These  official  minutes  alone 
shall  have  an  authentic  character. 

Article  XLIL  When  the  preliminary  examination  is  con- 
cluded, the  Tribunal  may  refuse  admission  of  all  new  acts  or 
documents,  which  one  party  may  desire  to  submit  to  it,  without  the 
consent  of  the  other  party. 

Article  XLIII.  The  Tribunal  may  take  into  consideration 
such  new  acts  or  documents  to  which  its  attention  may  be  drawn 
by  the  agents  or  counsel  of  the  parties.  In  this  case  the  Tri- 
bunal shall  have  the  right  to  require  the  production  of  these  acts 
or  documents,  but  it  is  obliged  to  make  them  known  to  the  oppo- 
site party. 

Article  XLIV,     The   Tribunal   may  also   require   from   the 


THE    HAGUE    ARBITRATION    CONVENTION.  147 

agents  of  the  party  the  production  of  all  papers,  and  may  demand 
all  necessary  explanations.  In  case  of  refusal  the  Tribunal  shall 
take  note  of  the  fact. 

Article  XLV.  The  agent  and  counsel  of  the  parties  are 
authorized  to  present  orally  to  the  Tribunal  all  the  arguments 
which  they  may  think  expedient  in  support  of  their  cause. 

Article  XLVI.  They  shall  have  the  right  to  raise  objections 
and  to  make  incidental  motions.  The  decisions  of  the  Tribunal 
on  these  points  shall  be  final,  and  shall  not  form  the  subject  of 
any  subsequent  discussion. 

Article  XLYII.  The  members  of  the  Tribunal  shall  have  the 
right  to  put  questions  to  the  agents  or  counsel  of  the  parties 
and  to  demand  explanations  from  them  on  doubtful  points. 
Neither  the  questions  put  nor  the  remarks  made  by  members  of 
the  Tribunal  during  the  discussion  or  argument  shall  be  regarded 
as  an  expression  of  opinion  by  the  Tribunal  in  general,  or  by  its 
members  in  particular. 

Article  XLVIII.  The  Tribunal  is  authorized  to  determine 
its  own  jurisdiction,  by  interpreting  the  agreement  of  arbitration 
or  other  treaties  which  may  be  quoted  in  point  and  by  the  appli- 
cation of  the  principles  of  international  law. 

Article  XLIX.  The  Tribunal  shall  have  the  right  to  make 
rules  of  procedure  for  the  direction  of  the  trial  to  determine  the 
form  and  the  periods  in  which  parties  must  conclude  the  argu- 
ment, and  to  prescribe  all  the  formalities  regulating  the  admission 
of  evidence. 

Article  L.  The  agents  and  the  counsel  of  the  parties  having 
presented  all  the  arguments  and  evidence  in  support  of  their 
case,  the  President  shall  declare  the  hearing  closed. 

Article  LI.  The  deliberations  of  the  Tribunal  shall  take 
place  with  closed  doors.  Every  decision  shall  be  made  by  a 
majority  of  the  members  of  the  Tribunal.  The  refusal  of  any 
member  to  vote  shall  be  noted  in  the  official  minutes. 

Article  LII.  The  award  shall  be  made  by  a  majority  of  votes, 
and  shall  be  accompanied  by  a  statement  of  the  reasons  upon 
which  it  is  based.  It  must  be  drawn  up  in  writing  and  signed  by 
each  of  the  members  of  the  Tribunal.  Those  members  who  are 
in  the  minority  may,  in  signing,  state  their  dissent. 

Article  LIII.     The  award  shall  be  read  in  a  public  sitting  of 


148  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

the  Tribunal,  the  agents   and  counsel  of  the  litigants  being  pres- 
ent or  having  been  duly  summoned. 

Article  LTV.  The  award  duly  pronounced  and  notified  to 
the  agents  of  the  parties  in  litigation  shall  decide  the  dispute 
finally  and  without  appeal. 

Article  LV.  The  parties  may  reserve  in  the  agreement  of 
arbitration  the  right  to  demand  a  rehearing  of  the  case.  In  this 
case,  and  in  the  absence  of  any  stipulation  to  the  contrary,  the 
demand  shall  be  addressed  to  the  Tribunal  which  has  pronounced 
the  judgment ;  but  it  shall  be  based  only  on  the  discovery  of  new 
facts,  of  such  a  character  as  to  exercise  a  decisive  influence  upon 
the  judgment,  and  which  at  the  time  of  the  judgment  were  un- 
known to  the  Tribunal  itself  and  to  the  parties  demanding  the 
rehearing.  The  proceedings  for  a  rehearing  can  only  be  begun 
by  a  decision  of  the  Tribunal  stating  expressly  the  existence  of 
the  new  fact  and  recognizing  that  it  possesses  the  character  de- 
scribed in  the  preceding  paragraph,  and  declaring  that  the  demand 
is  admissible  on  that  ground.  The  agreement  of  arbitration 
shall  determine  the  time  within  which  the  demand  for  a  rehearing 
shall  be  made. 

Article  LVI.  The  award  shall  be  obligatory  only  upon  the 
parties  who  have  conchided  the  arbitration  agreement.  When 
there  is  a  question  of  the  interpretation  of  an  agreement  entered 
into  by  other  Powers  besides  the  parties  in  litigation,  the  parties 
to  the  dispute  shall  notify  the  other  Powers  which  have  signed 
the  agreement,  of  the  special  agreement  which  they  have  con- 
cluded. Each  one  of  these  Powers  shall  have  the  right  to  take 
part  in  the  proceedings.  If  one  or  more  among  them  avail  them- 
selves of  this  permission,  the  interpretation  in  the  judgment  be- 
comes obligatory  upon  them  also. 

Article  LVII.  Each  party  shall  bear  its  own  expenses  and 
an  equal  part  of  the  expenses  of  the  Tribunal. 

GENERAL  PROVISIONS. 

Article  LYIII.  The  present  Convention  shall  be  ratified 
with  as  little  delay  as  possible.  The  ratifications  shall  be  depos- 
ited at  The  Hague.  An  official  report  of  each  ratification  shall 
be  made,  a  certified  copy  of  which  shall  be  sent  through  diplo- 


THE    HAGUE    ARBITRATION    CONVENTION.  149 

matic  channels  to  all   the  Powers  represented  in  the  Peace  Con- 
ference at  The  Hague. 

Article  LIX.  The  Powers  which  were  represented  at  the 
International  Peace  Conference,  but  which  have  not  signed  this 
Convention,  may  become  parties  to  it.  For  this  purpose  tliey 
will  make  known  to  the  Contracting  Powers  their  adherence  by 
means  of  a  written  notification  addressed  to  all  the  other  Con- 
tracting Powers. 

Article  LX.  The  conditions  under  which  Powers  not  repre- 
sented in  the  International  Peace  Conference  may  become  adhe- 
rents to  the  present  Convention  shall  be  determined  hereafter  by 
agreement  between  the  Contracting  Powers. 

Article  LXL  If  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall 
give  notice  of  a  determination  to  withdraw  from  the  present  Con- 
vention, this  notification  shall  have  its  effect  only  after  it  has 
been  made  in  writing  to  the  Government  of  the  Netherlands  and 
communicated  by  it  immediately  to  all  the  other  Contracting 
Powers.  This  notification  shall  have  no  effect  except  for  the 
Power  which  has  made  it. 

In  faith  of  which  the  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the  present 
Convention  and  affixed  their  seals  to  it. 

Done  at  The  Hague,  the  29th  July,  1899,  in  a  single  copy, 
which  shall  remain  in  the  archives  of  the  Netherland  Govern- 
ment, and  copies  of  it,  duly  certified,  be  sent  through  the  diplo- 
matic channel  to  the  Contracting  Powers. 

(Signatures.) 


UNKITIFIED    ARBITRITION   THEATr    WITH    GREAT 

BRITAIN. 

Message  from  the  President  of  the  United  States,  transmitting 
a  treaty  hetiveen  the  United,  States  and  Great  Britain  for  the 
aihitration  of  matters  in  diference  hetioeen  the  turn  countries, 
signed  at    Washington,  Janvtry  11,  1897. 


To  the  Senate : 

1  transmit  herewith  a  treaty  for  the  arbitration  of  all  matters  in 
difference  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

The  provisions  of  the  treaty  are  the  result  of  long  and  patient 
deliberation  and  represent  concessions  made  by  each  party  for 
the  sake  of  agreement  upon  the  general  scheme. 

Though  the  result  reached  may  not  meet  the  views  of  the  advo- 
cates of  immediate,  unlimited,  and  irrevocable  arbitration  of 
all  international  controversies,  it  is,  nevertheless,  confidently  be- 
lieved that  the  treaty  can  not  fail  to  be  everywhere  recognized 
as  making  a  long  step  in  the  right  direction,  and  as  embodying  a 
practical  working  plan  by  whicli  disputes  between  the  two  coun- 
tries will  reach  a  peaceful  adjustment  as  matter  of  course  and  in 
ordinary  routine. 

In  the  initiation  of  such  an  important  movement  it  must  be  ex- 
pected that  some  of  its  features  will  assume  a  tentative  character 
looking  to  a  further  advance  ;  and  yet  it  is  apparent  that  the 
treaty  which  has  been  formulated  not  only  makes  war  between  the 
parties  to  it  a  remote  possibility,  but  precludes  those  fears 
and  rumors  of  war  which  of  themselves  too  often  assume  the 
proportions  of  national  disaster. 

It  is  eminently  fitting  as  well  as  fortunate  that  the  attempt  to 
accomplish  results  so  beneficent  should  be  initiated  by  kindred 
peoples,  speaking  the  same  tongue  and  joined  together  by  all  the 
ties  of  common  traditions,  common  institutions,  and  common  as- 
pirations. The  experiment  of  substituting  civilized  methods  for 
brute  force  as  the  means  of  settling  international  questions 
of  right  will  thus  be  tried  under  the  happiest  auspices.  Its  suc- 
cess ought  not  to  be  doubtful,  and  the  fact  that  its  ultimate  ensu- 


TREATY    WITH    GREAT    BRITAIN.  151 

ing  benefits  are  not  likely  to  be  limited  to  the  two  countries 
immediately  concerned  should  cause  it  to  be  promoted  all  the 
more  eagerly.  The  examples  set  and  the  lesson  furnished  by  the 
successful  operation  of  this  treaty  are  sure  to  be  felt  and  taken 
to  heart  sooner  or  later  by  other  nations,  and  will  thus  mark  the 
beginning  of  a  new  epoch  in  civilization. 

Profoundly  impressed  as  I  am,  therefore,  by  the  promise 
of  transcendent  good  which  this  treaty  affords,  I  do  not  hesitate 
to  accompany  its  transmission  with  an  expression  of  my  earnest 
hope  that  it  may  commend  itself  to  the  favorable  consideration  of 
the  Senate. 

GROVER  CLEVELAND. 

Executive  Mansion,  January  11,  1897. 

THE  TREATY. 

Tlie  United  States  of  America  and  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  of 
the  United  Kingdom  of  (Treat  Britain  and  Ireland,  being  desirous 
of  consolidating  the  relations  of  Amity  which  so  happily  exist 
between  them  and  of  consecrating  by  Treaty  the  principle  of  In- 
ternational Arbitration,  have  appointed  for  that  purpose  as  their 
respective  Plenipotentiaries  : 

The  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  the  Honour- 
able Richard  Olney,  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States  ;  and 

Her  Majesty  the  Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland^  the  Right  Honourable  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote, 
a  Member  of  Her  Majesty's  Most  Hononrable  Privy  Council, 
Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Most  Honourable  Order  of  the  Bath 
and  of  the  Most  Distinguished  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St. 
George  and  Her  Majesty's  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plen- 
ipotentiary to  the  United  States, 

Who,  after  having  communicated  to  each  other  their  respsctive 
Full  Powers,  which  were  found  to  be  in  due  and  proper  form, 
have  agreed  to  and  concluded  the  following  articles : 

Article  I. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  agree  to  submit  to  Arbitration 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  and  subject  to  the  limitations 


152  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

of  this  Treaty  all  questions  in  difference  between  them  which  they 
may  fail  to  adjust  by  diplomatic  negotiation. 

Article  II. 

All  pecuniary  claims  or  groups  of  pecuniary  claims  which  do 
not  in  the  aggregate  exceed,  £100,000  in  amount,  and  which  do 
not  involve  the  determination  of  territorial  claims,  shall  be  dealt 
with  and  decided  by  an  Arbitral  Tribunal  constituted  as  provided 
in  the  next  following  Article. 

In  this  Article  and  in  Article  lY  the  words  "  groups  of  pecuni- 
ary claims  "  mean  pecuniary  claims  by  one  or  more  persons  aris- 
ing out  of  the  same  transactions  or  involving  the  same  issues  of 
law  and  of  fact. 

Article  III. 

Each  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  nominate  one  arbi- 
trator who  shall  be  a  jurist  of  repute  and  the  two  arbitrators  so 
nominated  shall  within  two  months  of  the  date  of  their  nomina- 
tion select  an  umpire.  In  case  they  shall  fail  to  do  so  within  the 
limit  of  time  above  mentioned,  the  umpire  shall  be  appointed  by 
agreement  between  the  Members  for  the  time  being  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  Unit^^d  States  and  the  Members  for  the 
time  being  of  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council  in 
Great  Britain  each  nominating  body  acting  by  majority.  In 
case  they  shall  fail  to  agree  upon  an  umpire  within  three  months 
of  the  date  of  an  application  made  to  them  in  that  behalf  by  the 
High  Contracting  Parties  or  either  of  them,  the  umpire  shall  be 
selected  in  the  manner  provided  for  in  Article  X. 

The  person  so  selected  shall  be  the  President  of  the  Tribunal 

and  the  award  of  the  majority  of  the  Members  thereof  shall  be 

final. 

Article  IY. 

All  pecuniary  claims  or  groups  of  pecuniary  claims  which  shall 
exceed  £100,000  in  amount  and  all  other  matters  in  difference,  in 
respect  of  which  either  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall 
have  rights  against  the  other  under  Treaty  or  otherwise,  provided 
that  such  matters  in  difference  do  not  involve  the  determination 
of  territorial  claims,  shall  be  dealt  with  and  decided  by  an  Arbi- 
tral Tribunal,  constituted  as  provided  in  the  next  following  Article. 


TREATY    WITH    GREAT    BRITAIN.  153 

Article  V. 

Any  subject  of  Arbitration  described  in  Article  IV  shall  be 
submitted  to  the  Tribunal  provided  for  by  Article  III,  the  award 
of  which  Tribunal,  if  unanimous,  shall  be  final.  If  not  unani- 
mous either  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  may  within  six 
months  from  the  date  of  the  awar.d  demand  a  review  thereof.  In 
such  case  the  matter  in  controversy  shall  be  submitted  to  an 
Arbitral  Tribunal  consistiog  of  five  jurists  of  repute,  no  one  of 
whom  shall  have  been  a  member  of  the  Tribunal  whose  award  is 
to  be  reviewed  and  who  shall  be  selected  as  follows,  viz:  two  by 
each  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  and,  one  to  act  as  umpire, 
by  the  four  thus  nominated  and  to  be  chosen  within  three  months 
after  the  date  of  their  nomination.  In  case  they  shall  fail  to 
choose  an  umpire  within  the  limit  of  time  above-mentioned,  the 
umpire  shall  be  appointed  by  agreement  between  the  dominating 
Bodies  designated  in  Article  III  acting  in  the  manner  therein 
provided.  In  case  they  shall  fail  to  agree  upon  an  umpire  with- 
in three  months  of  the  date  of  an  application  made  to  them  in 
that  behalf  by  the  High  Contracting  Parties  or  either  of  them, 
the  umpire  shall  be  selected  in  the  manner  provided  for  in 
Article  X. 

The  person  so  selected  shall  be  the  President  of  the  Tribunal 
and  the  award  of  the  majority  of  the  members  thereof  shall  be 
final. 

Article  YI. 

Any  controversy  which  shall  involve  the  determination  of  ter- 
ritorial claims  shall  be  submitted  to  a  Tribunal  composed  of  six 
members  three  of  whom  (subject  to  the  provisions  of  Article 
YIII)  shall  be  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
or  Justices  of  the  Circuit  Courts  to  be  nominated  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  and  the  other  three  of  whom,  (subject 
to  the  provisions  of  Article  YIII)  shall  be  Judges  of  the  British 
Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  or  Members  of  the  Judicial  Com- 
mittee of  the  Privy  Council  to  be  nominated  by  Her  Britannic 
Majesty,  whose  award  by  a  majority  of  not  less  than  five  to  one 
shall  be  final.  In  case  of  an  award  made  by  less  than  the  pre- 
scribed majority,  the  award  shall  also  be  final  unless  either 
Power  shall,  within  three  months  after  the  award  has  been  re- 


154  NATIONAL    ARBITRATION    CONFERENCE. 

ported   protest   that   the   same   is   erroneous,  in  which  case  the 
award  shall  be  of  no  validity. 

In  the  event  of  an  award  made  by  less  than  the  prescribed 
majority  and  protested  as  above  provided,  or  if  the  members  of 
the  Arbitral  Tribunal  shall  be  equally  divided,  there  shall  be  no 
recourse  to  hostile  measures  of  any  description  until  the  media- 
tion of  one  or  more  friendly  Powers  has  been  invited  by  one  oi* 
both  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties. 

Article   VII. 

Objections  to  the  jurisdiction  of  an  Arbitral  Tribunal  consti- 
tuted under  this  Treaty  sliall  not  be  taken  except  as  provided  in 
this  Article. 

If  before  the  close  of  the  hearing  upon  a  claim  submitted  to 
an  Arbitral  Tribunal  constituted  under  Article  III  or  Article  V 
either  of  the  High  Coutractiog  Parties  shall  move  such  Tribunal 
to  decide,  and  thereupon  it  shall  decide  that  the  determination 
of  such  claim  necessarily  involves  the  decision  of  a  disputed 
question  of  principle  of  grave  general  importance  affecting  the 
national  rights  of  such  party  as  distinguished  from  the  private 
rights  whereof  it  is  merely  the  international  representative,  the 
jurisdiction  of  such  Arbitral  Tribunal  over  such  claim  shall  cease 
and  tlie  same  shall  be  dealt  with  by  arbitration  under  Article  VI. 

Article  VIII. 

In  cases  where  the  question  involved  is  one  which  concerns  a 
particular  State  or  Territory  of  the  United  States,  it  shall  be  open 
to  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  appoint  a  judicial  officer 
of  such  State  or  Territory  to  be  one  of  the  Arbitrators  under 
Article  III  or  Article  V  or  Article  VI. 

In  like  manner  in  cases  where  the  question  involved  is  one 
which  concerns  a  British  Colony  or  possession,  it  shall  be  open 
to  Her  Britannic  Majest}^  to  appoint  a  judicial  officer  of  such 
Colony  or  possession  to  be  one  of  the  Arbitrators  under  Article 
III  or  Article  V  or  Article  VI. 

Article  IX. 

Territorial  claims  in  this  Treaty  shall  include  all  claims  to  terri- 
tory and  all  claims   involving   questions  of  servitudes,  rights  of 


TREATY    WITH    GREAT    BRITAIN.  155 

navigation  and  of  access,  fisheries  and  all  rights  and  interests 
necessary  to  the  control  and  enjoyment  of  the  territory  claimed 
by  either  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties. 

Article  X. 

If  iu  any  case  the  nominating  bodies  designated  in  Articles  III 
and  Y  shall  fail  to  agree  upon  an  Umpire  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  the  said  Articles,  the  Umpire  shall  be  appointed  by 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway. 

Either  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties,  however,  may  at  any 
time  give  notice  to  the  other  that,  by  reason  of  material  changes 
in  conditions  as  existing  at  the  date  of  this  Treaty,  it  is  of  opinion 
that  a  substitute  for  His  Majesty  should  be  chosen  either  for  all 
cases  to  arise  under  the  Treaty  or  for  a  particular  specified  case 
already  arisen,  and  thereupon  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall 
at  once  proceed  to  agree  upon  such  substitute  to  act  either  in  all 
cases  to  arise  under  the  Treaty  or  iu  the  particular  case  specified 
as  may  be  indicated  by  said  notice  ;  provided,  however,  that  such 
notice  shall  have  no  effect  upon  an  Arbitration  already  begun  by 
the  constitution  of  an  Arbitral  Tribunal  under  Article  III. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  also  at  once  proceed  to 
nominate  a  substitute  for  His  Majesty  in  the  event  that  His  Ma- 
jesty shall  at  any  time  notify  them  of  his  desire  to  be  relieved 
from  the  functions  graciously  accepted  by  him  under  this  Tre^ity 
either  for  all  cases  to  arise  thereunder  or  for  any  particular 
specified  case  already  arisen. 

Article  XL 

In  case  of  the  death,  absence  or  incapacity  to  serve  of  any 
Arbitrator  or  Umpire,  or  in  the  event  of  any  Arbitrator  or  Um- 
pire omitting  or  declining  or  ceasing  to  act  as  such,  another 
Arbitrator  or  Umpire  shall  be  forthwith  appointed  in  his  place 
and  stead  in  the  manner  provided  for  with  regard  to  the  original 
appointment. 

Article  XII. 

Each  Government  shall  pay  its  own  agent  and  provide  for  the 
proper  remuneration  of  the  counsel  employed   by  it   and  of  the 


156  NATIONAL    ARBITBATION    CONFERENCE. 

Arbitrators  appointed  by  it  and  for  the  expense  of  preparing  and 
submitting  its  case  to  the  Arbitral  Tribunal.  All  other  expenses 
connected  with  any  Arbitration  shall  be  defrayed  by  the  two  Gov- 
ernments in  equal  moieties. 

Provided,  however,  that,  if  in  any  case  the  essential  matter  of 
difference  submitted  to  arbitration  is  the  right  of  one  of  the  High 
Contracting  Parties  to  receive  disavowals  of  or  apologies  for  acts 
or  defaults  of  the  other  not  resulting  in  substantial  pecuniary 
injury,  the  Arbitral  Tribunal  finally  disposing  of  the  said  matter 
shall  direct  whether  any  of  the  expenses  of  the  successful  party 
shall  be  borne  by  the  unsuccessful  party,  and  if  so  to  what  extent. 

Article  XIII. 

The  time  and  place  of  meeting  of  an  Arbitral  Tribunal  and  all 
arrangements  for  the  hearing  and  all  questions  of  procedure  shall 
be  decided  by  the  Tribunal  itself. 

Each  Arbitral  Tribunal  shall  keep  a  correct  record  of  its  pro- 
ceedings and  may  appoint  and  employ  all  necessary  officers  and 
agents. 

The  decision  of  the  Tribunal  shall,  if  possible,  be  made  within 
three  months  from  the  close  of  the  arguments  on  both  sides. 

It  shall  be  made  in  writing  and  dated  and  sliall  be  signed 
by  the  Arbitrators  who  may  assent  to  it. 

The  decision  shall  be  in  duplicate,  one  copy  whereof  shall  be 
delivered  to  each  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  through  their 
respective  agents. 

Article  XIY. 

This  Treaty  shall  remain  in  force  for  five  years  from  the  date  at 
which  it  shall  come  into  operation,  and  further  until  the  expira- 
tion of  twelve  months  after  either  of  the  High  Contracting  Par- 
ties shall  have  given  notice  to  the  other  of  its  wish  to  terminate 
the  same. 

Article  X.V. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  be  duly  ratified  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent   of    the    Senate   thereof,  and   by   Her    Britannic   Majesty ; 


TREATY    WITH    GREAT    BRITAIN.  157 

and  the  mutual  exchange  of  ratifications  shall  take  place  in 
Washington  or  in  London  within  six  months  of  the  date  hereof 
or  earlier  if  possible. 

In  faith  whereof,  we,  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries,  have 
signed  this  Treaty  and  have  hereunto  affixed  our  seals. 

Done  in  duplicate  at  Washington,  the  11th  day  of  January,  1897. 

RICHARD  OLNEY.  [l.  s.] 

JULIAN  FAUNCEFOTE.    [l.  s.] 


ANGLO-FEENCH  TEEATY  OF  1903. 

Trandation. 

The  Government  of  the  French  Eepnblic,  and  the  Government 
of  H.  B.  Majesty,  signatories  of  the  Convention  for  the  pacific 
settlement  of  International  disputes,  concluded  at  The  Hague, 
July  29,  1899, 

Considering  that  by  Article  19  of  this  Convention,  the  High 
Contracting  Parties  reserved  to  themselves  the  conclusion  of 
agreements  in  view  of  recourse  to  arbitration  in  all  cases  which 
they  judged  capable  of  submission  to  it. 

Have  authorized  the  undersigned  to  agree  as  follows : 

Article  I. 

Differences  of  a  judicial  order,  or  relative  to  the  interpreta- 
tion of  existing  treaties  between  the  two  Contracting  Parties, 
which  may  rise,  and  which  it  may  not  have  been  possible  to  set- 
tle by  diplomacy,  shall  be  submitted  to  the  permanent  Court 
of  Arbitration  established  by  the  Convention  of  July  29, 1899,  at 
The  Hague,  on  condition,  however,  that  neither  the  vital  interests, 
nor  the  independence  or  honour  of  the  two  Contracting  States, 
nor  the  interests  of  any  State  other  than  the  two  Contracting 
States,  are  involved. 

Article  II. 

In  each  particular  case  the  High  Contracting  Parties,  before 
addressing  themselves  to  the  Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration, 
shall  sign  a  special  undertaking  determining  clearly  the  sub- 
ject of  dispute,  the  extent  of  the  Arbitral  powers  and  the  details 
to  be  observed  in  the  constitution  of  the  Arbitral  Tribunal 
and  the  procedure. 


ANGLO-FRENCH  TREATY  OF  1903.  150 

Article  III. 

The  preseut  airangemeut  is  concluded  for  a  duration  of  five 
years  from  the  date  of  signature. 

London,  October  14,  1903. 

CAMBON, 
LANSDOWNE. 


Treaties  identical  Avith  the  above  Anglo-French  Treaty  have 
been  concluded  between  France  and  Italy,  France  and  Spain,  and 
Great  Britain  and  Spain. 


INDEX. 


Abbott,  Lyman,  extract  from  letter, 
105 

Acker,  Fiuley,  105 

Adams,  Charles  F,,  105 

Adler,  Max,  105 

Aiken,  William  A.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 105 

Ailes,  Milton  E.,  105 

Alaska  Boundary  dispute,  23,  36,  47, 
78 

Alderman,  Edwin  A.,  105 

Alexander,  James  W.,  105 

Anderson,  Archer,  105 

Anderson,  William  A.,  extract  from 
letter,  105 

Andrews,  E.  Benjamin,  106 

Angell,  James  B.,  105 

Angellotti,  Frank  M.,   extract  from 
letter,  105 

Anglo-French  Treaty  of  Arbitration, 
158-159 

Anglo-Saxon  destiny,  02 

Appendix,  133 

Arbitration — 

and  adjustment,  26 
Antiquity  of,  48 
Biblical  references,  52 
Difficulties  of,  50 
and  reason,  85 
treaties  unwritten,  31 

Arbitration  Conference  of  189G,  22 
Historical  notes  on,  6,  10 
Subsequent  history,  22,  23,  24 

Arbitration  Treaties- 
See  Treaties  of  Arbitration. 

Atkinson,  Edward,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 106 

Atkinson,  Henry  M.,  105 

Aycock,  Charles  B.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 106 

Ayers,  Rufus  A. ,  105 

Babcock,  William,  108 


Baer,  George  F, ,  extract  from  letter, 
107 

Bahlhorn,  J.  C,  106 

Baker,    John   H.,  extract  from    let- 
ter, 107 

Baldwin,  Simeon  E.,  108 

Bancroft,  Wm.  P.,  108 

Barclay,  Samuel,  remarks,  35 

Barnard,  Otto  T.,  106 

Barrett,  James  M.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 107 

Bartholdt,  Richard,  remarks,  41 

Bartlett.  A.  C.,  107 

Bartol,  George  E.,  107 

Barton,  R.  T.,  107 

Bashford,  J.  W.,  108 

Bates,  John  L.,  44 

Battle,    Richard    H.,    extract    from 
letter,  106 

Bayard,  James  Wilson,  107 

Beaver,  James  A. ,   extract  from  let- 
ter, 106 

Beckham,    J.    C.  W.,    extract   from 
letter,  10(5 

Berkeley,  Carter,    extract   from   let- 
ter, 106 

Birge,  Edward  A.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 108 

Bliss,  Cornelius  N.,  106 

Bloxham,  W.  D.,   extract   from    let- 
ter, 107 

Board  of  Trade  :— 
Gloucester,  Mass.,  100 
Kansas  City,  117 
Little  Rock,  117 
Los  Angeles,  117 
National,  55 
Philadelphia,  41-123 

Bodley,  Temple,  107 

Boiling,  Chas.  E.,  108 

Bonaparte,  Chas.  Jerome,  108 

Boundary  disputes,  84 

Braxton,  A.  C,  106 


162 


INDEX. 


Breckinridge,  William  C.  P.,  extract 

from  letter,  107 
British  feeling  towards   arbitration, 

38 
Brock,  Arthur,  108 
Brooks,  Edward,  107 
Brooks,  S.  B.,  108 
Brown,  H.  B.,  108 
Bruce,  Helm,  106 
Bruce,  W.  Cabell,  107 
Brumbaugh,    M.    G.,    extract    from 

letter,  106 
Bryan,  Joseph,  106 
Bryan,  Wm.  L.,  108 
Bumgardner,  Jame?,  107 
Burke,  Thomas,  107 
Burks,  M.  P.,  107 
Burnes,  Henry  D.,  107 
Busbee,  Charles  M.,  106 
Butler,  Noble  C,  extract  from  letter, 

108 
Butterfield,  R.  W.,  108 

Cabell,  H.  L.,  109 
Caffery,  Donelson,  108 
California,  Governor  of,  123 

letter  of,  45 
Cameron,  William  E.,  108 
Canada  and  Great  Britain,  26 
Candler,  W.  A.,  110 
Capen,  Samuel  B.,  56 
Capers,  John  G.,  110 
Carlisle,  John  G.,  108 
Carnegie,  Andrew,  address,  91 
Carr,  Julian  S.,  109 
Carter,  Bernard,  110 
Carter,  Thomas  H.,  llO 
Chamber  of  Commerce — 

Boston,  43,  56,  108 

Buffalo,  108 

Cincinnati,  109 

Los  Angeles,  117 

Minneapolis,  119 

New  York,  52 

New  Haven,  99 

Providence,  124 

San  Francisco,  125 
Chamberlain,  Adrian,    extract  from 

letter,  109 


Chamberlain,    George    E.,     extract 
from  letter,  109 

Chamberlain,  Dr.  L.  C,  19 

Chester,  Alden,  extract  from  letter, 
110 

Christian,  Jr.,  A.  H.,    extract  from 
letter,  109 

Christian,  George  L.,  110 

Circular  letter    addressed   to   those 
invited  to  attend  Conference,  10 

Citizens   of    San    Francisco,  letter, 
131 

Clearwater,  Alphonso  P.,  110 

Cleveland,  Grover : — 
Arbitration  views,  5 
Message  with  treaty,  150 
Letter,  75 
Venezuelan  Message,  60 

Cobb,  Henry  E. ,  remarks,  56 

Cobbs,  T.  D.,  110 

Cocke,  Lucian  H.,  110 

Cochran,   W.   Bourke,  extract   from 
letter,  109 

Cohen,  Charles  J.,  108 

Coke,  Henry  C,  110 

Collins,   Patrick,    extract   from  let- 
ter, 109 

Colorado,  Governor  of,  122 

Coman,  Henry  B.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 110 

Commercial  Club  of  Chicago:  — 
Resolutions,  97 
Members,  98 

Commercial  issues,  31,  32 

Committee : — 
Executive,  9 
National  Arbitration,  9 
On  Resolutions,  list,  25 
On  Resolutions,  report,  63,  64 
To    present    resolutions     to    the 

Senate,   10 
To  wait  upon  the  President,  71 

Conference  of  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives, 42 

Connecticut : — 

Arbitration  sentiment  in,  56 
Governor  of,  109 

Converse,  John  H.,  109 

Coombs,  William  J.,  remarks,  69 
Resolution  offered  by,  78 


INDEX. 


163 


Cookinham,  Henry  J.,  extract  from 
letter,  109 

Cost  of  military  maintenance,  84 

Cost  of  modern  war,  32 

Crawford,  M.  L.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 108 

Crosby,  Josiali,  110 

Cramp,  Beverly  T.,  extract  from 
letter,  108 

Cumraeen,  John,  110 

Camming,  Joseph  B.,  109 

Camming,  Albert  B.,  extract  from 
letter,  110 

Curtis,  William  Edmond,  108 

Cashing,  William  E.,  110 

Czar  of  Rassia  :  — 
Inflaence  of,  80-83 
liescript,  135 

Danforth,  Henry  G.  ,  110 

Daniels,  Josephas,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 111 

Day,  James  R.,  Ill       - 

Delaware,  Governor  of,  extract  from 
letter,  113 

Delays,  as  care  for  public  excite- 
ment, 37 

Dickiason,  J.  M.,  address,  87 

Dickson,  Samuel,  111 

Dixon,  William  T.,  110 

Dockery,  A.  M. ,  extract  from  letter, 
110 

Dodge,  Cleveland  H.,  Ill 

Dodge,  Wm.  E.,  obituary  notice,  8 

Dolan,  Thos.,  110 

Dooley,  James  H.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 111 

Downing,  H.  H.,  110 

Draper,  Andrew  S. ,  110 

Draper,  William  F.,  Ill 

Dudley,  T.  M.,  extract  from  letter, 
111 

Duke,  R.  T.  W.,  Ill 

Durbin,  W.  T,,  remarks,  45 

Du  Relle,  George,  110 

Eckels,  James  H.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 111 
Echols,  Edward,  111 
Eddy,  Arthur  J.,  Ill 


Edmunds,  Geo.  F.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 111 

Elder,  Thomas  C,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 111 

Elliott,  Charles  W.,  Ill 

Ellyson,  J.  Taylor,  111 

English  language,  growth  of  and 
influence  on  arbitration,  7(5-77 

Fairfax,  Henry,  112 

Farquhar,  A.  B.,  remarks,  47 

Fdrrar,  Edgar  H.,  112 

Fenner,  Chas.  E.,  Ill 

Field,  John,  112 

Field,  Marshall,  111 

Fish,  Stuyvesant,  remarks,  31 

Fisher,  Sydney  H.,  112 

Fleischmann,   Julius,    extract   from 

letter,  112 
Fleming,  Francis   P.,   extract   from 

letter,  112 
Folk,  Joseph  W.,  112 
Foster,  John  W.,  elected   President 

of  Conference,  19 

Remarks,  20,  75 

Appoints  committee,  25 
Francis,  David  R.,  112 
Franco-Italian  Treaty  of  Arbitration, 

159 
Franco-Spanish  Arbitration  Treaty, 

159 

Gager,E.  B.,  112 

Gailor,  Thomas  F.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 112 

Gaither,  George  R.,  113 

Gallaudet,  E.  M.,  71 

Galloway,  Charles  B.,  112 

Garber,  John,  112 

Garnett,  Theodore  S.,  113 

Garrett,  John  B.,  112 

Gary,  E.  Stanley,  112 

Gates,  Merrill  E.,  remarks,  61 

Generals  of  the  Army,  views  on  ar- 
bitration, 6 

Gibbons,  Cardinal,  address,  70 

Gillespie,  A.  P.,  112  — 

Glasgow,  Frank  T.,  112 

Glasgow,  William  A.,  113 

Gloucester,  Mass,,  Board  of  Trade, 
Resolution,  100,  101 


164: 


INDEX. 


Gompers,  Samuel,  remarks,  33,  58 

Goode,  John.  113 

Gordon,  Armistead  C,  118 

Gordon,  John  B.,  113 

Gordon,  William  W.,  113 

Government,  similar  features  in  Eng- 
lish and  American,  77 

Graham,  Samuel  C,  extract  from 
letter,  112 

Grainger,  Charles  F.,  113 

Grandin,  J.  L.,  112 

Grant,  General,  views  on  arbitra- 
tion, 6 

Graves,  John  Temple,  extract  from 
letter,  113 

Gray,  Judge,  remarks,  63 

Green,  Charles  J.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 112 

Green,  Nathan,  extract  from  letter, 
112 

Groscup,  P.  S.,  113 

Hadley,  Arthur  T.,  extract  from 
letter,  113 


Convention,  23 

Text  of  Arbitration   Convention, 

138-149 
Tribunal,  30,  38,  58,  61,  83 
Czar's  Rescript,  135 

Haislip,  R.  D.,  115 

Hale,  Edward  Everett,  address,    81 

Hamlin,  Charles  S.,  114 

Hanchitt,  Benton,  113 

Hand,  R.  L.,  extract  from  letter,  115 

Harmon,  Judson,  extract  from  letter, 
114 

Harper,  Wm.  R.,  113 

Harris,  George,  extract  from  letter, 
115 

Harrison,  C.  C,  113 

Harrison,  Carter  H.,  115 
Letter  of,  29 

Harrison,  Lynde,  remarks,  56 

Harrison,  President,  views  on  arbi- 
tration, 5 

Harrity,  Wm.  F.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 114 

Hartshorne,  Charles,  115 


Hayes,  D.  A.,  115 

Hemphill,  James  C,  extract  from 
letter,  114 

Herbert,  Hilary  A.,  114 

Herrick,  Myron  T.,  113 

Hewitt,  Fayette,  115 

Hey  ward,  D.  C,  113 

Higginson,  Henry  L.,  113 

Hill,  JohnF.,  115 

Hoard,  William  D.,  113 

Holt,  Hamilton,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 114 

Honor,  89,  90,  92 

Hooper,  Alcaeus,  114 

Hopewell,  John,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 114 

Hopkins,  Henry,  114 

Hornblower,  Wm.  B.,  extract  from 
letter,  113 

Houghteling,  James  L.,  113 

Houston,  Samuel  F.,  114 

Howe,  W.  W.,  113 

Howell,  Clark,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 114. 

Huber,  Wm.  D.,  114 

Hughes,  Robt.  M.,  115 

Humphrey,  Alex.  P.,  114 

Hundley,  Oscar  R.,  extract  from 
letter,  115 

Hunn,  John,  extract  from  letter,  113 

Hunton,  Eppa,  Jr.,  extract  from 
letter,  114 

Hutchins,  H.  B.,  113 

Hyde,  Wm.  D.  W.,  113 

Illinois,  Governor  or,  130 
Importance  of  movement,  81 
Indiana,  Governor  of,  ren)aiks,  45 
Ingalsbe,  G.  M.,  extract  from  letter, 

115 
Inter-Parliamentary   Union,  coming 

Conference,  41 
Introduction,  6 
Iowa,  Governor  of,  110 
Irvine,  R.   T.,   extract   from    letter, 

115 

Jackson,  James  V.,  115 
James,  Edmund  J.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 115  I 


INDEX. 


165 


James,  William,  116  I 

Japau  and  Russia,  36  I 

Jeffrey,  R.  H.,  extract  from  letter,       ! 
116 

Jesse,  Richard  H.,  116 

Jesup,  Morris  K.,  115 

Johnsou,  Tom  L.,  115 

Joint    Commissions,    not    snfficieut, 
30  31 

Joint  High  Commissions  :  — 
advantages  of,  27 
and  advocates,  27 

Jones,  Charles  P.,  116 

Joaes,  Samuel  M.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 116 

Jordan,  David  Starr,  remarks,  26 

Justi,  Herman,  116 

Kansas  City  Board  or  Trade,  117 
Kavanaugh,    W.    M.,    extract    from 

letter,  116 
Keck,  Judge,  remarks,  38 
Ktefe,  Daniel  J.,  116 
Kenny,  Wm.  J.,  extract  from  letter, 

116 
King,  Henry  C,  extract  from  letter, 

116 
King,  Wm.  F.,  116 
Kirchner,  Otto,  extract  from  letter, 

116 
Kirkland,  J.  H.,  116 
Knapp,  Chas.  W.,  116 
Knapp,  S.  A.,  116 
Knight,    Erastus    C,    extract   from 

letter,  117 
Knowlton,  Marcus  P.,  extract  from 

letter,  116 
Kohlsaat,  H.  H.,  116 
Kruttschnitt,  E.  W.,  116 

Ladd,  Wm.  M.,  extract  from  letter, 

117 
Lafiferty,  H.  D.,  117 
La  Follette,  R.  M.,  117 
Landes,  W.  H.,  118 
Lassiter,  Chas.  T.,  117 
Lawson,  Victor  F.,  117 
Lawton,  Alex,  R.,  118 
Lee,  Stephen  D.,  117 
Leigh,  E.    G.,    extract  from   letter, 

118 


Leighton,  Geo.  B. ,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 118 

Lemcke,  J.  A.,  117 

Letter  favoring  arbitration  from  cit- 
izens of  San  Francisco,  131 

Lewis,  L.  L.,  117 

Lewis,  L.  L.,  Jr.,  118 

List  of  those  present  Conference, 
1904,  13,  14,  15,16 

Little,  Ames  R.,  118 

Logan,  Walter  S.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 118 

Long,  John  D,,  extract  from  letter, 
118 

Low,  Seth,  118 

Lurton,  Horace  H.,  extract  from 
letter,  117 

Lynch,  James  M.,  118 

Macfarland,      Commissioner,      re- 
marks, 19 
Maes,  Camillas   Paul,  extract   from 

letter,  120 
Maine,  Governor  of,  115 
Manderson,  Charles  F.,  extract  from 

letter,  120 
Mann,  Bernard,  118 
Maritime  Exchange  of  Philadelphia, 

Resolution,  123 
Massachusetts,  Governor  of,  Letter 

44 
Mather,  Samuel,  extract  from  letter, 

119 
Matthews,  George  E.,  extract  from 

letter,  120 
Mayors : — 

Baltimore,  118,  28 

Boston,  109 

Buffalo,  117 

Chicago,  28,  29,  115 

Cleveland,  115 

Cincinnati,  112 

Kansas  City,  125 

Louisville,  113 

IMemphis,  129 

New  Haven,  126 

New  York,  28,  118,  119 

Providence,  118 

St.  Paul,  128 

Toledo,  IIG 


166 


INDEX. 


Merchants'    Exchange  of  St,  Louis, 
125 

MessagH     of     President    Cleveland, 
Jan.  11,  1897,  150 

Meredith,  W.  R.,  119 

Mezes,  S.    E.,  extract    from    letter, 
119 

Mickey,  John   H.,  extract  from  let- 
120 

Milburn,  John  G.,  119 

Miles,  Nelson  A.,  Address,  79 

Military  Situation  :— 
Effect  of,  79 
Dangers  of,  79 

Miller,  Augustus  G.,  118 

Millikeu,  William   A.,  extract  from 
letter,  119 

Mims,  Livingston,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 120 

Minnesota  :  — 
Governor  of,  129 

Missouri :  — 

Governor  oif,  110 

Mitchell,  John,  120 
Letter  of,  32 

Mitchell,  S.  Weir,  119 

Montague,  A.  J.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 118 

Moore,  John  Bassett,  19 

Moot,   Adelbert,    extract    from   let- 
ter, 120 

Morrison,  Henry  C,  120 

Morton,  J.  R.,  extract   from  letter, 
120 

Munford,  B.  B.,  120 

Murphy,  Frankliu,  120 

Myers,  E.  T.  D.,  120 

MacAlester,  James,  119 

McBride,  Henry  G.,  119 

McCabe,  W.  Gordon,  119 

McClellan,  Geo.  B.,  119 
Letter  of,  28 

McCormick,  Cyrus  H. ,  extract  from 
letter,  119 

McCormick,  Marshall,  120 

McCullough,    J.    G.,    extract    from 
letter,  118 

McDermott,  Edward  J.,  extract  from 
letter,  119 


McEnerney,  Garret,  extract  from 
letter,  119 

McKelway,  H.  Clair,  extract  from 
letter,  118 

McKim,  Dr.,  118 

McKinley,  President,  views  on  ar- 
bitration. 5 

McLane,  Robt.  M.,  118,  28 

McLnan,  W.  L.,  120 

McNeill,  Geo.  E  ,  118 

McPheeters,  T.  S.,  120 

McRae,  James  C,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 119 

National  Arbitration  Committee, 
9 

National  Arbitration  Conference  :  — 
Afternoon  session,  75-9o 
Morning  session,  19-71 

National  Association  of  Manufac- 
turers : — 

Remarks  of  delegate,  47 
Interests  of,  in  peace,  47 

National  honor,  20,  49,  58,  59 

National  spirit,  61 
Patriotism,  61 

Nebraska,  Governor  of,  extract  from 
letter,  120 

Nellis,  Andrew  J.,  121 

Nelson,  C.  Kiulock,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 121^ 

Nelson,  Frank,  121 

New  Haven  Cnamber  of  Commerce, 
resolutions,  99 

New  Haven  International  Arbitration 
Committee,  resolutions,  100 

New  Jersey,  Governor  of,  120 

New  York,  Governor  of,  letter,  44 

New  York  State  Bar  Association, 
resolutions,  99 

Newton,  Virginius,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 121 

Niccolls,  Samuel  J.,  121 

Northrup,  Cyrus,  extract  from  let- 
ter, l:il 

Norton,  J.  K.  M. ,  121 

Noyes,  Frank  B.,  extract  from  letter, 
121 

Noyes,  Daniel  Rogers,  121 

Noyes,  W.  C,  121 


INDEX. 


16: 


O'BiiiEN,  Thomas  J.,  remarks,  53 
Ochs,  George  W.,  121 
Odell,  B.  B.,  Jr.,  letter,  44 
Ogden,  Robert  C,  121 
Ohio,  Governor  of,  113 
Old,  William  W.,    extract    from  let- 
ter, 121 
Olney,  Richard,  121,  '22 
Oregon,  Governor  of,  109 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson,  IJ) 

Page,  Charles,  extract  from  letter, 
124 

Palmer,  Thomas  W.,  extract  from 
letter,  121 

Papal  influence,  50 

Pardee,  Geo.  C,  letter,  45 

Pardee,  John  A.,  extract  from  letter, 
122 

Paris  Tribunal,  27 

Parker,  AltCn  B.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 123 

Parrish,  R.  L.,  124 

Partridge,  Frank  C,  123 

Pasco,  Samuel,  extract  from  letter. 
123 

Patrick.  William,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 122 

Patterson,  C.  Stewart,  123 

Patterson,  Robert  W.,  extract  from 
letter,  122 

Patteson,  S.  S.  P.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 122 

Patton,  John,  121 

Pauncefote,  Lord,  22,  23 

Peabody,  J.  H.,  extract  from  letter, 
122 

Peabody,  George  Foster,  123 

Peace,  evohition  in,  85 

Pendleton,  Elliott  Hunt,  extract  from 
letter,  122 

Pennsylvania,  Governor  of,  123 

Peunypacker,  Samuel  W.,  123 

Pepper,  George  VV barton,  124 

Perkins,  G.  W.,  123 

Perrin,  John,  123 

Perry,  Bliss,  123 

Pettit,  William  B.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 122 

Phelau,  James  D.,  123 


Philadelphia     Maritime     Exchange, 

resolution,  123 
Pickering,  Henry,  123 
Pickham,  Dudley  L.,  123 
Pl.tt,  James  P.,  123 
Pound,  Cuthbert  W.,  123 
Prather,  W,  L.,  remarks,  3;> 
President's  views  on  arbitration,  5,  6 
Pritchett,  Henry  S.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 124 
Pulitzer,  Joseph,  124 

QuiNBY,   William  E.,   extract  from 
letter,  124 

Ralston,  Mk. ,  motion  of,  71 

Ralston,  Jackson  H.,  remarks,  58 

Ramsay,  Robert,  extract  from  letter, 
124 

Randall,  Blauchard,  remarks,  55 

Rawle,  Francis,  125 

Reed,  James  A.,  125 

Reeves,  Francis  B.,  125 

Reid,  Whitelaw,  125 

Reiuhard.  G.  L.,  extract  from  letter, 
125 

Remsen,  Ira,  extract  from  letter,  124 

Resolutions :  — 

Adopted  by  Conference,  12,  63,  64 
Accepted  at  Mass  Meeting,  91 
Offered  by  Mr.  Coombs,  70 
National  Board  of  Tntde,  97 
Commercial  Club  of  Chicago,  97 
New  York  State  Bar  Association, 

99 
New    Haven    Chamber    of    Com- 
'     merce,  99 

New  Haven  International  Arbitra- 
tion Committee,  100 
Gloucester  Mass.,  Board  of  Trade, 
100 

Rhees,  Rush;  extract  from  letter,  125 

Richardson,  Charles,  125 

Rives,  George  L.,  remarks,  22,  23',  24 

Roberts,  Henry,  125 

Robertson,    Harrison,  extract    from 
letter,  125 

Robertson,  William  Gordon,  125 

Rockwood,  Nash,  125 

Rodenbeck,  Adolph  J.,  125 


168 


INDEX. 


Rogers,  Heary  Wade,  extiMct  from 
letter,  124 

Roosevelt,  President,  views  on  arbi- 
tration, 5 

Rose,  John  C,  125 

Rose,  U.  M.  125 

Russia  and  Japan,  59 

Samoa,  27 

Satterlee,  Henry  Y.,  extract  from 
letter,  127 

Sawyer,  A.  H.,  127 

Schiff,  Jacob  H.,  126 

Schurraan,  J.  G.,  extract  from  letter, 
127 

Scott,  Robert  E.,  125 

Seward,  Frederick  W.,  remarks,  29 

Seward,  George  F.,  remarks,  52 

Sexton,  Pliny  T.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 127 

Sharp,  G.  M.,  extract  from  letter, 
126 

Sharpless,  Isaac,  126 

Shaw,  Albert,  126 

Sbepard,  Edward  M.,  127 

Sheridan,  General,  views  on  arbi- 
tration, 6 

Shipley,  Samuel  R.,  extract  from 
letter,  126 

Silverman,  Joseph,  address,  84 

Sleicher,  John  A.,  126 

Smith,  Hoke,  extract  from  letter, 
127 

Smith,  Burton,  125 

Smith,  C.  Eruest,  127 

Smith,  Ellison  A.,  126 

Smith,  Robert  A.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 1>'8 

Smith,  R.  Waverly,  127 

South  Carolina,  Governor  of,  113 

Speer,  Emory,  extrat^t  from  letter, 
127 

Spencer,  Edgar  A.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 1-26 

Sperry,  Watson  Robertson,  extract 
from  letter,  126 

Sprague,  Homer  B.,  extract  from 
letter,  126 

Spruance,  William  C,  extract  from 
letter,  125 


Stetson,  Francis  Lynde,  remarks,  67 

Stevens,  George  W.,  126 

Stiness,  John  H.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 127 

Storey,  Moor  field,  126 

Stotesbury,  Edward  T.,  126 

Strong,  Frank,  extract  from  letter, 
126 

Strong,  Josiah,  126 

Supreme  Court  of  U.  S.,  51,  81 

Taylor,  Charles  H.,  128 

Taylor,  J.  M.,  128 

Taylor,  R.  S.,  extract  from  letter, 
128 

Temple,  Oliver  P.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 128 

Territorial  questions,  20 

Thomas,  Douglas  H.,  128 

Thomas,  R.  S.,  128 

Thurston,  Gates  P.,  extract  from 
letter,  129 

Thwing,  Charles  F.,  128 

Tileston,  Roger  E.,  129 

Tomkius,  F.  W,,  extract  from  letter, 
128 

Toole,  Joseph  K-,  129 

Torrance,  David,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 128 

Tracy,  James  F.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 128 

Treaties  of  Arbitration  :  — 

Uuited  States  and   Great  Britain, 

6,  21,  22,  23,  31,  35,  63 
Text  of,  151,  157 

Anglo-French,  23,  35,  37,  158,  159 
Franco-Italian,  35,  38,  159 
Franco-Spanish,  159 
Anglo-Spanish,  159 
Anglo-Italian,  38 
Argentine-Italian,  35,  36 
Popular  objections  to,  37 

Treaty  of  1794,  21 
Of  1814,  21 
Of  1871.  21 

Tupper,  W.  R.,  remarks,  40,  55 

Turner,  George,  extract  from  letter, 
128 

Utah,  Governor  of,  129 


INDEX. 


169 


Van  Norden,  Warner,  129 

Van  Sant,  S.  R.,  129 

Veuable,  Francis  P.,  129 

Vermont,  Governor  of,  extract  from 

letter,  118 
Vilas,  Wm.  F.,  extract   from    letter, 

129 
Vinal,  Charles  G.  11.,  129 
Virginia,  Governor  of,  extract  from 

letter,  118 

Waddell,  Joseph  A.,  130 

Waddill,  Edmund,  130 

Wage  Earners,  33 

Wage  Earners  and  Arbitration,  53 

Wanamaker,  John,  129 

Warburton,  Barclay  H.,  129 

Warfare,  46,  77,  88 

Warfield,  Edwin,  extract  from  letter, 
130 

Washington,  Geo.,  views  on  arbitra- 
tion, 6 

Washington,  Governor  of,  119 

Watterson,  Henry,  129 

Watts,  J.  Allen,  129 

Watts,  Leigh  R.,  129 

Wells,  Heber  M.,  129 

Welsh,  Herbert,  130 

West  Virginia,  Governor  of,  129 

Wheeler,  Benjamin  S.,  extract  from 
letter,  129 


Whitaker,  Edward  G.,  129 

Whitaker,  O.  W.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 130 

White,  A.  B.,  129 

White,  Horace,  remarks,  60 

White,  Miles,  130 

White,  Peter,  130 

Wickham,  Henry  T.,  130 

Wight,  John  B.,  130 

Willard,  James  M.,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 129 

Willard,  Joseph  E..  130 

Williams,  Charles  R.,  extract  from 
letter,  130 

Williams,  John  L.,  130 

Williams,  J.  J.,  129 

Williams,  John  S. ,  extract  from  let- 
ter, 130 

Williams,  Joseph,  129 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  129 

Wisconsin,  Governor  of.  117 

Woodburn,  James  A.,  130 

Woodruff,  Clinton  11.,  19 

Woodruff,  George  M.,  130 

Workingmen  of  U.  S.,  sentiment  on 
arbitration,  57 

Wright,  Theodore,  130 

Yale  University,  Arbitration  j^enti- 
I  ment  in,  5(>,  57 

t      Vates,  Richard,  130 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall 


-MApr^eiGf 


HREC^D  in 


IN  STACKS 


IIIAR-ai438J 


i 


ftel^'CA.2ri^ 


,6-1966  69 


APR  18  \m 


^  STACKS  I 


~^Tim 


3Jan'62TDVy 


^^HrtHSW 


^^Wx, 


m 


SERo4.^6l964 

3221slO)f76B    ^^^ 


(B6221slO)f76B 


,  General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


:<?S«»»ps*^^'"*-'-'-'" :  :■:: '-.:  ..-SKW^'' 


559!>24 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


